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Amathebula Ka-Haldane Okwehlisa Ingcindezi
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Bob

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Bob

27. uNcwaba 2026BE
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Amathebula Ka-Haldane Okwehlisa Ingcindezi

Isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, izisebenzi zasemakamelweni omoya ngaphansi kwamanzi (caisson) nabatshuzi bakhubazeka futhi babulawa yinto engabonwa muntu. Babesebenza amahora amaningi ngaphansi kwengcindezi, benyuka bezizwa bephilile, bese kungakapheli amahora ambalwa bawe nobuhlungu obukhulu emalungeni, ukufa uhlangothi noma ukufa; futhi ngoba izimpawu zazifika NGEMVA komsebenzi, imbangela yayinzima ukuyibona isikhathi eside. UPaul Bert wabonisa ngo-1878 ukuthi kwakuyi-nitrogen, ephuma kusixazululo iba amagwebu uma ingcindezi yehla ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngo-1908 uJohn Scott Haldane, kanye no-Arthur Boycott noGuybon Damant, wakwenza kwaba yindlela: i-nitrogen incibilika emzimbeni ngaphansi kwengcindezi ngokulingana nayo leyo ngcindezi, izicubu ezahlukene ziyimunca futhi ziyikhiphe ngejubane elehluke kakhulu, futhi uma ingcindezi yendawo yehla ngokushesha kunokuba igesi ingaphuma, iphuma kusixazululo njengamagwebu ngaphakathi kumtshuzi. Imodeli yakhe ithatha umzimba njengeqoqo lamakamelo angokombono anezikhathi-zengxenye ezahlukene, futhi okutholwe kwakhe okubalulekile kwakungalindelekile: ukunyuka ngezigaba, nokuma phakathi, kuphephe kunokunyuka kancane ngaphandle kokuma.
Osezingeni eliphezulu
Amahora ama-5 nemizuzu engama-30

Imiyalelo

1

Bona amagwebu ephuma kusixazululo

Yonke le ndlela iyabonakala ebhodleleni lamanzi anegesi, futhi lesi sifaniso sisondele kakhulu, sinomkhawulo owodwa oshiwo ekugcineni.

  1. Thatha ibhodlela elivaliwe lesiphuzo esinegesi ulibheke: uketshezi olucwebile, awekho amagwebu, igesi ibanjwe kusixazululo yingcindezi.
  2. Livule kancane ubuke amagwebu akheka kulo lonke uketshezi.
  3. Livale futhi, ulinyakazise, bese ulivula ngokushesha: qaphela ukuthi igesi iphuma ngamandla kangakanani ngaphezulu.
  4. Manje vula ibhodlela lesibili kancane, ngezigaba, uvala isivalo phakathi kokukhishwa ngakunye.

Igesi ihlala incibilikile inqobo nje uma ingcindezi iyibambe lapho, futhi iphuma kusixazululo uma ingcindezi yehla; futhi ukuthi iphuma ngokushesha kangakanani kuncike ekutheni wehlisa ingcindezi ngokushesha kangakanani. Ukukhishwa ngezigaba kwenza igwebu elincane kakhulu kunokukhishwa ngokuzumayo.

Lokho kubheka kokugcina KUYIKHO kanye ukwenza kokwehlisa ingcindezi. Umtshuzi yibhodlela, i-nitrogen iyigesi ekulo, futhi ukunyuka kuwukuvula isivalo.

Lesi sifaniso sinomkhawulo owodwa okufanele ushiwo: ebhodleleni igesi iphuma ngaphezulu, kodwa kumtshuzi amagwebu akheka ngaphakathi ezicutshini nasemithanjeni yegazi, lapho evimba ukugeleza kwegazi futhi ecindezela imizwa. Isifo sokwehliswa kwengcindezi akukona ukungaphatheki kahle okubangelwa yigesi: kuwukulimala okungokomshini okubangelwa amagwebu ezindaweni ezingenayo indawo yawo.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

Amanzi anegesi (ibhodlela elivaliwe)Amanzi anegesi (ibhodlela elivaliwe)2 amabhodlela

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Umakhalekhukhwini Onevidiyo Ehamba KancaneUmakhalekhukhwini Onevidiyo Ehamba Kancane
Izibuko Zokuphepha EzicwathileIzibuko Zokuphepha Ezicwathile
2

Yenza imodeli yamakamelo ezicubu futhi ubuke ukugcwala kwawo

Ilayisha incwadi ye-Jupyter…

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Ikhompyutha YasetafuleniIkhompyutha Yasetafuleni
3

Indlela yezinqumo ekunyukeni

Landela umjikelezo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi kukhona ukujula okungafanele ukwedlule unyuka, okunqunywa yikamelo eligcwele kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, futhi lelo kamelo LIYASHINTSHA ngesikhathi sokunyuka njengoba asheshayo ekhishwa futhi ahamba kancane eqala ukubusa.

Igatsha lokugcina yilo elibamba abantu. Umtshuzi ofika phezulu akabuyeli kuziro: amakamelo ahamba kancane asaphethe igesi amahora amaningi, ngakho ukutshuza kwesibili ngalo lolo suku kuqala umzimba usunegesi ngokwengxenye. Amathebula okutshuza okuphindaphindiwe akhona kuphela ukuze abale leyo nsalela, futhi ukuthatha ukutshuza kwesibili njengokokuqala kuyindlela eyaziwayo yokuthola lesi sifo.

Ukundiza ngemva kokutshuza kuyinkinga efanayo enophawu oluphendukile: ikamelo lendiza elinengcindezi elingana nokuphakama okufika kumamitha angama-2400 lingukunyuka okwengeziwe, okwenziwa emzimbeni ongakaqedi ukukhipha igesi. Iziqondiso zeDivers Alert Network (2002) zithi okungenani amahora ayi-12 emhlabathini ngemva kokutshuza okukodwa okungadingi ukuma kokwehlisa ingcindezi, okungenani amahora ayi-18 ngemva kokutshuza okuphindaphindiwe noma izinsuku eziningana zokutshuza, nesikhathi eside kakhulu ngemva kokutshuza okudinga ukuma kokwehlisa ingcindezi; lokhu kuvela ngqo emakamelweni ahamba kancane emodelini engenhla.

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Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Ikhompyutha YasetafuleniIkhompyutha Yasetafuleni
4

Yakha umbukiso wokubuyisela ingcindezi

Ukwelapha lesi sifo kuyisifo ngokwaso siphendulwe, futhi kufanele ukubona ukuthi kungani.

  1. Thatha isitsha sengcindezi esiqinile nesibonisayo esinoketshezi olunegesi oluvaliwe ngaphakathi oseluqalile ukwenza amagwebu.
  2. Khuphula ingcindezi yangaphandle ngomshini ocindezela umoya bese ubuka amagwebu.
  3. Bamba ingcindezi, bese uyikhulula kancane ngezigaba.

Ukukhuphula ingcindezi kwenza amagwebu ancipha futhi ancibilike futhi; ukuyikhulula kancane kuvumela igesi ukuthi iphume ngaphandle kokuwakha futhi. Yilokho kanye okwenziwa yikamelo lokubuyisela ingcindezi kumtshuzi ophethwe yisifo: ukumbuyisela engcindezini, ukuncibilikisa amagwebu, bese emnyusa ngohlelo oluhamba kancane ngokwanele ukuze igesi iphume ngamaphaphu esikhundleni sokwakha amagwebu futhi.

Kunikezwa i-oxygen ngesikhathi sokwelashwa ngoba yenza imisebenzi emibili kanyekanye: ithatha indawo ye-nitrogen engxubeni yokuphefumula ukuze umehluko okhipha igesi ezicutshini ube mkhulu, futhi yandisa i-oxygen efika ezicutshini amagwebu azincishe igazi.

Umnikelo kaHaldane uqobo lapha wawungowokuphatha njengoba wawungowesayensi yokusebenza komzimba. Wakhiqiza AMATHEBULA: uhlelo noma yimuphi umphathi wokutshuza angalulandela ngaphandle kokuqonda izibalo. Ukuguqula imodeli yokusebenza komzimba ibe yikhadi eliphrintiwe isisebenzi esingalisebenzisa yikho okwamisa ukufa ngempela, futhi kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi okulethwayo akuvamile ukuba yithiyori.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

Amanzi anegesi (ibhodlela elivaliwe)Amanzi anegesi (ibhodlela elivaliwe)1 ibhodlela
Isitsha esicacile sengcindezi (esigunyaziwe)Isitsha esicacile sengcindezi (esigunyaziwe)1 ucezu

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Umcindezeli womoya wamagalane angu-30Umcindezeli womoya wamagalane angu-30
Isilinganiso SengcindeziIsilinganiso Sengcindezi
Umakhalekhukhwini Onevidiyo Ehamba KancaneUmakhalekhukhwini Onevidiyo Ehamba Kancane
Isivikelo SobusoIsivikelo Sobuso
Izibuko Zokuphepha EzicwathileIzibuko Zokuphepha Ezicwathile
5

Ukudakwa ukujula nobuthi be-oxygen: eminye imikhawulo emibili

Ukwehlisa ingcindezi akukona kuphela okwenziwa ukujula kumtshuzi, futhi eminye imikhawulo emibili ifika ngaphandle kwesexwayiso.

  1. Bala ingcindezi eyingxenye ye-nitrogen kumamitha angama-30, angama-40 nangama-60.
  2. Bala ingcindezi eyingxenye ye-oxygen kulezo zijulile ezifanayo uphefumula umoya ovamile.
  3. Maka lapho ngayinye yeqa khona umkhawulo wayo owamukelekile.

Ukudakwa yi-nitrogen kuqala ukuzwakala kusukela cishe kumamitha angama-30 futhi kuya kuba kubi njengoba kujula; kuwumphumela ofana nowesidambisi-zinzwa, futhi ingozi yakho ukuthi ukwahlulela okuthinteke akukwazi ukuzihlola kukodwa. Abatshuzi bachaza umuzwa ongamanga wokuthi baphilile ngenkathi benza into eyisiwula.

Umkhawulo wokusebenza owamukelekile we-oxygen ingcindezi eyingxenye engu-1.4 bar (ingeqi ku-1.6 bar, ekumeni kokwehlisa ingcindezi); ngomoya ovamile, u-1.4 bar ufinyelelwa cishe kumamitha angama-57, futhi uphawu lokuqala lobuthi be-oxygen lungaba ukuquleka. Ukuquleka ngaphansi kwamanzi unento yokuphefumula emlonyeni ngokuvamile kuyabulala, noma ngabe kusele igesi engakanani.

Kokubili kuxazululwa ngokushintsha ingxube, hhayi uhlelo: i-helium ithatha indawo ye-nitrogen ukuze kuncishiswe ukudakwa, futhi ingxenye ye-oxygen IYANCIPHISWA emsebenzini ojulile ukuze ingcindezi yayo eyingxenye ihlale ibekezeleka. I-trimix yokutshuza okujule kakhulu ingaba ne-oxygen enganele phezulu: ibingeke ikugcine uphila usesikebheni, futhi iphefumuleka kuphela lapho usekujuleni.

Lokhu kuwumkhawulo wokuklama oyinqaba ngempela futhi kufanele ucabange ngawo: igesi iphephile kuphela ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokujula, iyingozi ngaphezu kwalo NANGAPHANSI kwalo. Ukuyiphatha kahle yisizathu sokuthi ukutshuza okujulile ngegesi exubile kube wumsebenzi wobungcweti hhayi okokuzilibazisa.

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Ikhompyutha YasetafuleniIkhompyutha Yasetafuleni

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Sekela uMenzi ngokuthenga imikhiqizo nge-Blueprint yabo IKhomishane Yomenzi kumiswe ngabathengisi, noma dala inguqulo entsha yale Blueprint bese uyifaka njengoxhumaniso ku-Blueprint yakho ukuze wabelane ngemali engenayo.

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