Ukulotha AmathDatesi evini leDate Palm — Ukuphenya nokuma kwamathDatesi aseSaudi

I-date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) yinye yezifiso zezithelo ezindala kakhulu ezasiwo emhlabeni, ngobubheki bokuhlela obuyehlela ekungemuva kokuya ngaphezu kuka-5000 iminyaka ezigcini saseMiddle East. Ingakwazi ukufika ekuphakameni okungaphezu kuka-25 amitha futhi ihlala iminyaka engaphezu kuka-100 iminyaka. Umhlahlandlela wephalamu uqala ukutwala izithelo eminyakeni engu-4-8 ngemuva kokulandelela nokufika ekusebenzeni kwakhe okwenziwe phakathi kweminyaka engu-15 no-50 iminyaka. Umhlahlandlela wephalamu unomuntu kanye nomuntu - udinga umhlahlandlela owesilisa ukuze akhiye amafemale. I-date palm elilulile ikhiqiza phakathi kwama-50 no-150 amakhilogremu wamadathe ngonyaka.

Izinhlobo eziningi zezithandanhliziyalwa zinandiwe e-Saudi Arabia. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu: Al-Ajwa — izithandanhliziyalwa ezibukhali eziluhlaza okumnyama ezinandiwe ikakhulukazi e-Medina, ezinesibala esiluhlaza okumnyama kuya okumnyama. Al-Sukari — kunye nezinhlobo ezinosisi kakhulu zezithandanhliziyalwa, ezinesibala esigolide elikhanyayo, ezinandiwe kakhulu esifundazweni se-Qassim. Al-Khalasa — izithandanhliziyalwa ezinesibala esibhakela kahle esinobulungiswa obukhokheli, ezaziwa esifundazweni se-Al-Ahsa. Al-Barhi — ithoswe esintagwini se-khalal (iluhlaza elisha elijalele) kanye nasesintagwini se-rutab kanye ne-tamar. Al-Majdool — izithandanhliziyalwa ezikhulu, ezinenyama, eziziwa emhlabeni wonke ngosayizi namasobala. Inhlobo ngayinye inensimu yokumatshala ehlukile ngaphakathi kwensimu yokubulawo kusukela ku-July kuye ku-October.

Isithelo sidlula ezinhlakeni ezine ezilandelanayo zokuiva: Okokuqala, isigaba se-Kimri (Hababouk) — isithelo siluhlaza, silincane, siqinile futhi asinakudliwa, sihlala amaviki angu-4-5. Okesibili, isigaba se-Khalal (Biser) — isithelo sifinyelela ekukhuleni kwaso okuphelele, umbala waso umuhle noma ubomvu kuxhomekeka ezinhlobonhlobo, inukwazi yaso ivuthuluka, ezinhloba ezithile ezifana ne-Barhi zidliwa kulesi sigaba. Okwesithathu, isigaba se-Rutab — isithelo siba ngokunetheza okwesikhashana, umbala waso wuba okhaki, okuningi kwesisira kunyuka. Okwesine, isigaba se-Tamr — isithelo sivuthuluka ngokuphelele futhi sivuthulukile ngokwemvelo, okuningi kwamandla amanzi angaphansi kuka-20%, leli sisikhala esiyinhloko sokubutha nokugcina.

Isikhathi sokukoha i-date ku-Saudi Arabia siqalwa ngo-Julai kuze kube ngo-Okthoba kuye ngokwehluka kwenothi kanye nendawo. Izinhlobo zangakuqala ezifana ne-Barhi zikohwa kusukela ngo-Julai, kuyilapho izinhlobo ezisezuleleni ezifana ne-Khalas ziqhubeka kuze kube ngo-Okthoba. Imibozo yesikweletu sokukoha: umbala wezithelo oguquka oluthulwini lwobisi, ubunobunnyani besikhumba, ukucinana okuncane kwesikhumba, kanye nokusila kalula kwezithelo emanxebeni lapho zithintwa khona. Kunethanda ukukoha kakhulu ekuseni kanjalo ngaphambi kokuba ilanga liphakamisele umlilo walo ukuze kuncitshiswe umonakalo wezithelo.

Umsiqiniseli wamalanga wesikhathi sekudala usebenzisa intambo yenyuka eyaziwa njengesikali (habel) — ibhande elenziwe ngosisimu lwesihlahla sama-palm noma intambo enamandla egwedezwe ebhakisheni lethambo neshubhu likamsiqi ukuze kunikezwe usekelo ngesikhathi sokunyuka. Ubude bentambo ngumjwayelekile 3-4 imitha. Isikali esibukhali (saqour) futhi sisetshenziselwa ukusika izamuva. Intambo kufanele ihlolwe ngesikweletu ngaphambi kokusetshenziselwa kunakumbi — ihlolwe ngokungiwo kanye namehluko. Umsiqiniseli wagqoka izambatho ezinde zokuvikela ukuvikelela isikhumba lokunzima kwethambo likasizamu.

Umuntu ohlunga amazolo uboshela ukhonkwane lokumomela ezingeni lomlenze womthi wepalm futhi ezingeni lomsinga wake. Ubeka izinyawo zakhe phansi kwezisekelo zezimbali ezisikiwe (amanotshi) okwenza izinyawo zemvelo emtini. Umomela ngokuhluka-hluka — uphakamisa ukhonkwane bese esenyawo — kuze kufike phezulu kwemthi wepalm lapho ibunche lezithelo libekiwe. Ubude bungafika ku-15-20 amamitha noma ngaphezu. Umuntu ohlunga amazolo kufanele abe nochwepheshe — ukuwela kuphole kakhulu. Ezifamini zesimanje, ama-lift amakhanical asetshenziswa endaweni yokumomela ngesandla.

I-uthq (plural: uthuq) iyinqwaba ephelele yezinhlanga zedates ezibekwe esihle sephalamende, enesisindo esiphakathi kuka-5 no-15 amakhilogremu. Isihle sinye sephalamende sikhiqiza isithupha kuya kwamashumi amabili i-uthuq. Umuntu obutha uzisika isigxinsi se-uthq ngomsibi ngumbuzo owodwa oluhle. I-uthq kufanele ibambe kanzima ngaphambi kokubasika ukuze igcizelele ekuwehleni nokwenzakalisa izithelo. Ezifamini ezingaphansi, intambo ibophiwe ku-uthq ngaphambi kokubasika ukuyihloselarha ngothando kumuntu omelele emhlabeni.

Ngemva kokuqumasha ibhasimane, lincitshwa ngokucophelela phansi. Indlela yendabuko: umvuni ubophela ibhasimane ngerovu futhi ayincitshele kancane omntu olindele ngaphansi kwesihlahla sesilevu owamukela ngezikhonsi ezivulekile noma endaweni enkulu. Ukwelula amabhasmane kufanele kukhone - inhlangano nophansi kwehliswa amabomu nasenze akhukhuma ngokulula ngenkuhla. Amabhasimane aqumushiwe athweswa ngokushesha ebhokisini noma ebasikitini elinehlela elilobene uphonse. Umvuni uphinda le nqubo yonke ibhasimane kusihlahla sesilevu ngaphambi kokusehlela.

Ngemuva kokuthola amabunch emhlabeni, izithelo zihlukaniswa ku-rachis (amagatsha amancane angaphakathi ebunchini) ngesandla. I-rachis ibambelwe ngesandla esinye izithelo zisuswe ngenhlanhla ngesinye isandla. Izikhathi ezimoshakele zihlukaniswa kalula. Izithelo ezisalokhu zimotshakene ngokunzima zingase zingakamoshakele ngokuphelele — zishiywa ukuthi zimoshe ngokukodwa. Kufanele zisetshenziselwe ngenlanhla ukugwema ukulimaza ibala lezithelo.

Izinsuku zihlunywa into izigaba ezintathu: Isigaba sesithupha — izithelo eziphelele, ezikhona kahle ezincane kakhulu ezinombala ofanayo futhi ezingenazinthathe, ezimiswe ukuthengiswa okusanda. Isigaba sesibili — izithelo ezincane noma lezo ezinokunqaba okuncane ngosisindo, ezifanele ukusetshenziswayo kwasekhaya noma ukulungiselela. Isigaba lesithathu — izithelo ezakhasiwe noma lezo ezisiqala ibubane noma ezibambiswe, ezivezwe noma ezisetshenziswa njengokudla kwezilwane. Noma izinsuku ezibonisa izimpawu zesikhatsi noma inhloso yokuqamba zivalwa.

Amadeyiti ahlanjwa nganomanzi aluhlaza ukuze kukhishwe uthuli noubumnandi. Amadeyiti abekwa ebhodweni elikhulu elanomanzi abanda futhi ahlanganyezwa ngobumnene okwesikhashana esingu-2-3 imizuzu. Amadeyiti akumele ahlaziywe isikhathi eside — amanzi ayatholakala isigara esinezinzile futhi asithinte isihlangeni. Amadeyiti abuswazwa futhi aliswa esitulweni ukuze anzwe amanzi angaphezu kwesikhashana esingu-30-60 imizuzu ngaphambi kokuhambela esigabeni sokokuomeleza. Abalimi abathile basikela ukuhlamba uma amadeyiti ehlanzile futhi umekelwe ukuumeleza ngokungenamnyakazo.

Izintambo zibekwa ngelayiwe elilodwa phezu kwamathela okuma (ngokwesiko amathela we-palm frond noma muva kuvela kunethiweki ze-plastic eziphuliwe ngaphezu komhlaba). Zivezwa kulangasungula okuphandle endaweni enothusile kahle. Izintambo kufanele ziguqulwe kanye noma kabili nsuku zonke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuma okufanelekile. Inqubo yokuma ngelanga iyaqhubeka kusukela elingosonto elilodwa kuya kulingubo elithathu kuye ngohlobo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nobusika. Izintambo zivaliwe ngenethiweki enomuntu omnandi ukuzivikela ezinambuzaneni kanye nezilinzi. Inhloso yomsoco womswakama ingaphansi kuka-20%.

Ngemva kokuba ukoniswa kusuke kuphele, inqubo yokunquma yokugcina iphindwe. Amadates amisiwe amahle kufanele abe nentuthuko eqinile engeyona nambuthiselane nangcono kakhulu. Umbala uhlolwa — kufanele ube ibrown efanayo ngaphandle kwamachubisi amnyama noma amargi we-mold. Izithelo ezifanayo kusisindo nembala ziqoqwe ndawonye. Intuthuko uhlolwa — indawo engaphandle kufanele ibe nengilazi kancane futhi ingabi nesilinganiso sentambo. Amadates ezinga-high-quality angena kakhukhulu uma abukwa emthwalweni.

Izindluze ezomisiwe zikupakishwa ezigxeni ezivaliwe. Kasomlando, zikugcinwa ezitsheni zezinhlabathi noma ezintshanjeni ezigcwaliswe ngamhlaba we-palm. Kamuva nje, izigxeni zeplastiki ezikhonyelekile kokudla noma izibhakela ezivaliwe ngokusindisela kusetshenziswa. Zikugcinwa endaweni ebalulekile nokoma - ubushushu bekamelelo (20-25 degrees Celsius) bufanele kokugcina okwamchipho (izinyanga ezimbalwa). Ngokugcina okwamaxesha amade, i-refrigeration ku-0-5 degrees Celsius inokuncoma, lapho izindluze zihlala zifanele okwedlulele konyaka. Isigamu somswakama endaweni yokugcina kufanele sibe ngemuva kuka-65% ukuvimbela ukukhula kwe-mold. Izindluze ezomisiwe nzuri (okuningi komswakama okungaphansi kuka-20%) zigcina ikhwalithi yazo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ekubushushwini ekamelelo.