Ukwenza Ibomvu Ngokushisa Ubuhlungwana — Ukuguqulwa Kombala Okwenziwe Ngamabomu Okudala Kakhulu
Ukushisa ubuhlungwana ukuze kwenziwe ibomvu kungenye yezinguquko zamakhemikhali ezenziwe ngamabomu ezidala kakhulu emlandweni wesintu — ubufakazi obuvela eMgedeni i-Blombos eNingizimu Afrika buveza ukuthi abantu babeshisisa i-ocher eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-100,000 edlule. Inqubo ilula kodwa ijulile: ubuhlungwana buqukethe i-goethite (α-FeOOH, i-iron oxide enamanzi), ephuzi-nsundu. Ukuyishisa ku-250-300°C kukhipha amanzi e-crystallisation, kuguqula i-goethite ibe yi-hematite (α-Fe₂O₃, i-iron oxide engenamanzi), ebomvu. Insimbi efanayo, i-oxygen efanayo — kodwa ngaphandle kwamanzi. Lolu shintsho lombala luhlala unomphela futhi alunakubuyiselwa.
Ibomvu lemvelo litholakala emhlabathini (umhlabathi ocebile nge-hematite utholakala emhlabeni wonke), kodwa ibomvu elishisiwe livame ukucwebezela futhi lilingane kakhulu kunezinqolobane zemvelo ngoba okokuqala kungakhethwa ngokuhlanzeka. Inqubo inika umenzi amandla okulawula umbala — amazinga okushisa aphansi (200-250°C) akhiqiza okubomvu-okuwolintshi, kuyilapho amazinga okushisa aphezulu (300-350°C) akhiqiza okubomvu okujulile. Le blueprint ihlala ku-350°C noma ngaphansi, ngakho ukulawula ukushisa kubalulekile.
Le blueprint ifundisa amakhemikhali ayisisekelo okushisisa — ukushisa iminerali ukuze kushintshwe ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali. Umgomo ofanayo usekela ukukhiqizwa kwe-quicklime (ukushisa i-limestone), i-plaster of Paris (ukushisa i-gypsum), nezinqubo eziningi zensimbi. Ukwazi ukushisisa i-ocher kuyisango lokuqonda ukuthi umlilo uguqula kanjani amaminerali.
Imiyalelo
Khetha futhi ulungise ubuhlungwana
Khetha futhi ulungise ubuhlungwana
Qala ngamagremu angu-100-200 ombala wobuhlungwana ohlanzekile nomile. Uma usebenza ngezigaxa eziluhlaza, qala uwugaye ube yimpushana ecolekile odakeni nesigayo — izinhlayiya ezincane zishiswa ngokulinganayo. Susa noma yimaphi amatshana, izimpande, noma okungcolisayo okungeyona i-ocher. Umbala wokuqala kufanele ube ophuzi ocacile kuya kophuzi-nsundu. Ama-ocher amnyama, ansundu aqukethe izinto eziphilayo eziningi futhi azokhiqiza okubomvu okungacwebezeli kangako.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Upende womhlabathi ophuzi (ongakalungiswa)200 gAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Isigqulo Nomgqulo
Isikali Sedijithali SasekhishiniSakaza esitsheni esingashi
Sakaza esitsheni esingashi
Sakaza ubuhlungwana obugayiwe ngesendlalelo esincane, esilinganayo (esingajulile ngaphezu kuka-cm 1) esitsheni sobumba esingashi, isoso ye-terracotta, noma ithini lensimbi. Isendlalelo esincane siqinisekisa ukushisa okulinganayo — izendlalelo eziwugqinsi zishiswa ngokungalingani, zikhiqize ingxube yophuzi, owolintshi, nobomvu. Isitsha kufanele sikwazi ukumelana no-350°C singaqhekeki.
Amathuluzi adingekayo:
Isitsha sobumba esingashiShisa kancane ufike ku-250-300°C
Shisa kancane ufike ku-250-300°C
Beka isitsha kuhhavini wasekhishini oshiswe ngaphambili ku-250°C, noma embhedeni wamalahle avuthayo emlilweni wangaphandle. Umbala uzoqala ukushintsha ngemva kwemizuzu engu-15-20: ophuzi → owolintshi → obomvu-owolintshi → obomvu. Govuza impushana njalo ngemizuzu engu-15 ukuze ishiswe ngokulinganayo. Ku-250°C i-goethite (FeOOH) ilahlekelwa ngamanzi ayo e-crystallisation futhi iguquke ibe yi-hematite (Fe₂O₃) — iminerali efanayo eyenza ibomvu lemvelo libe bomvu. Inqubo ithatha imizuzu engu-45-90 kuya ngezinga lokushisa nobukhulu bezinhlayiya.
Amathuluzi adingekayo:
Ithemomitha YokuphekaQapha umbala bese uma emthunzini owufunayo
Qapha umbala bese uma emthunzini owufunayo
Khipha isampula elincane ngezikhathi ezithile bese ulivumela liphole ethayileni elimhlophe — umbala ubonakala umnyama kakhulu uma ushisa futhi ukhanye kancane uma uphola. Misa ukushisa uma isampula eliphole lifinyelela umthunzi owufunayo. Okubomvu-okuwolintshi okufudumele, shisa ku-250°C imizuzu engu-45. Okubomvu okujulile, shisa ku-300°C imizuzu engu-60-90. UNGADLULI ku-350°C — yilo zinga lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu le blueprint elisebenzisayo. Ushintsho lombala lungunomphela futhi alunakubuyiselwa.
Pholisa, gaya, futhi ugcine
Pholisa, gaya, futhi ugcine
Vumela i-ocher eshisiwe iphole ngokuphelele esitsheni — i-iron oxide eshisayo ingaqhekeza izitsha zengilazi. Uma isipholile, yigaye ibe yimpushana ecolekile, efanayo ngodaka nesigayo noma esibhebheni sengilazi ngesigayo sengilazi. Umbala oqediwe kufanele ube obomvu ocwebezelayo, ohlanzekile — olinganayo kakhulu kunamaningi ama-ocher abomvu emvelo. Gcina embizeni evaliwe. Le ocher ebomvu eshisiwe ayifiphali ekukhanyeni, ihlala unomphela, ayisebenzi ngokwamakhemikhali, futhi ihambisana nayo yonke into ebophayo — uwoyela, i-egg tempera, i-watercolour, i-fresco, i-casein, ne-acrylic.
Amathuluzi adingekayo:
Isigqulo Nomgqulo
Umgqulo WengilaziIzinto
1- Isibambeli
Amathuluzi Adingekayo
5- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
Izinto Zokwakha Ze-Blueprint Exhunyiwe
Preparing Ochre Pigment for Cave Painting — Mineral Processing
ngu-Charlie
Amakhemikhali
Making Natural Earth Pigments from Soil and Rocks — Collecting and Processing
ngu-Mary
UBUCIKO
Making Cinnabar Red Pigment — Grinding Mercury Sulfide into the Most Vivid Red of the Ancient World
ngu-Charlie
UBUCIKO
Le blueprint yenza
Ama-blueprint ahlobene
Lama-blueprint abelana ngolwazi — amasu, izinto noma izimiso
Making Charcoal from Hardwood — Pyrolysis in a Pit Kiln
ngu-Charlie
Amakhemikhali
Burning Lime from Limestone — The Oldest Chemical Industry on Earth
ngu-Mary
Ukukhiqiza Ngokususa
Making Malachite Green Pigment — Grinding the Copper Mineral into Painter's Green
ngu-Charlie
UBUCIKO
Making Bone Black Pigment — Calcining Animal Bones into the Warm Black of Old Master Painters
ngu-Charlie
UBUCIKO
Making Vine Black Pigment — Charring Grape Vines into the Cool Blue-Black of Classical Painters
ngu-Charlie
UBUCIKO
Making Green Earth Pigment (Terra Verte) — The Soft Green of Celadonite and Glauconite
ngu-Charlie
UBUCIKO
Making Smalt — Grinding Cobalt Blue Glass into the Renaissance Painter's Blue Pigment
ngu-Charlie
UBUCIKO
Making Prussian Blue — The First Modern Synthetic Pigment (Berlin, 1704)
ngu-Charlie
UBUCIKO
CC0 Isizinda Somphakathi
Le blueprint ikhishwe ngaphansi kwe-CC0. Ukhululekile ukukopisha, ukuguqula, ukusabalalisa, nokusebenzisa ngaphandle kwemvume.
Sekela uMenzi ngokuthenga imikhiqizo nge-Blueprint yabo IKhomishane Yomenzi kumiswe ngabathengisi, noma dala inguqulo entsha yale Blueprint bese uyifaka njengoxhumaniso ku-Blueprint yakho ukuze wabelane ngemali engenayo.