Ukwenza Ingilazi Ye-Soda-Lime Ngezinto Eziluhlaza

Ingilazi ye-soda-lime iwuhlelo lwezingxenye ezintathu: i-silica (SiO₂, eyakha ingilazi), i-soda (Na₂O evela ku-sodium carbonate, i-flux), ne-lime (CaO evela ku-limestone, isizinzisi). Ingxenye ngayinye ibalulekile. I-silica yodwa incibilika ku-1713 °C futhi yakha inethiwekhi engahlelekile yezibopho ze-Si–O enika ingilazi isakhiwo sayo esingenakristalu. I-soda iphula amanye amabhuloho e-Si–O–Si futhi yehlisa izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-silica ehlanzekile — kodwa ingilazi ye-soda-silica engenayo i-lime incibilika emanzini (i-sodium silicate, eyaziwa ezohwebo ngokuthi 'ingilazi yamanzi'). I-lime ivala izikhala ezishiywe yi-soda ngaphandle kokukhuphula iphuzu lokuncibilika ngokweqile, ikhiqize ingilazi ezinzile emelana namanzi.

Ukwakheka okuvamile kwengilazi ye-soda-lime ngesisindo se-oxide: 72–74% SiO₂, 12–14% Na₂O, 8–12% CaO, namanani amancane e-MgO, Al₂O₃, ne-Fe₂O₃ avela kokungcola ezintweni eziluhlaza. I-iron ingukungcola okubaluleke kakhulu — ngisho no-0.1% Fe₂O₃ unika umbala oluhlaza. Ingilazi yasendulo cishe ihlala iluhlaza noma i-amber ngoba isihlabathi sasiqukethe i-iron. Ingilazi ecwebile idinga isihlabathi esihlanzekile kakhulu noma ukwengezwa kwesisusi sombala esifana ne-manganese dioxide (MnO₂), esisusa umbala oluhlaza we-iron sibheke ekungabi nambala.

Khetha isihlabathi se-quartz esihlanzekile kakhulu esitholakalayo. Isihlabathi esifanele sokwenza ingilazi okungenani singu-95% SiO₂ ne-iron encane — i-iron iyimbangela eyinhloko yombala ongafunwa engilazini. Isihlabathi somfula, isihlabathi solwandle, ne-quartz echotshoziwe konke kuyasebenza, kodwa uma umthombo uhlanzeke kakhulu, ingilazi yokugcina iyacweba kakhulu. Funa isihlabathi esimhlophe noma esikhanyayo; isihlabathi esiwolintshi, esibomvu, noma esimnyama sikhomba i-iron eningi futhi sizokhiqiza ingilazi eluhlaza noma e-amber.

Udinga cishe amagremu angu-365 esihlabathi ukuze uthole inqwaba yamagremu angu-500. Uma usebenzisa isihlabathi semvelo esivela emfuleni noma ogwini, sizodinga ukugezwa kahle ukuze kukhishwe ubumba, imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo, izingcezu zamagobolondo, namaminerali aqukethe i-iron. Isihlabathi se-silica esitholakala ezitolo ('isihlabathi sokudlala' noma 'isihlabathi sokuhlunga ichibi') sesigeziwe futhi sivame ukuhlanzeka kunemithombo yemvelo.

Beka isihlabathi ebhakedeni bese ugcwalisa ngamanzi ahlanzekile. Vuselela ngamandla ukuze izinhlayiya ezincane zobumba nezinto eziphilayo zintante, bese uyeka isihlabathi sizinze imizuzwana engu-30 — izinhlamvu ezisindayo ze-quartz zicwila ngokushesha kuyilapho ubumba nemfucuza elula kuhlala kuntanta. Thela amanzi angacwebile ngokucophelela. Phinda lokhu kugeza izikhathi ezingu-3–5 kuze kube yilapho amanzi okuhlambulula ecweba.

Ngemuva kokugeza kokugcina, sakaza isihlabathi esimanzi endaweni eyisicaba ngongqimba oluncane (ngaphansi kuka-2 cm). Yeka sime ngokuphelele elangeni noma eduze komthombo wokushisa omnene. Noma yimuphi umswakama osele esihlabathini uzodala ukuqhuma okunamandla komhwamuko lapho sifakwa ku-crucible eshisayo — isihlabathi kufanele some sibe yithambo ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.

Dlulisa isihlabathi esomile ngesihlungo esinemigodi emincane (60–80 mesh, imigodi ecishe ibe ngu-0.18–0.25 mm). Lokhu kukhipha izinhlamvu ezinkulu kakhulu, amatshe amancane, nanoma yiziphi izingcezu zezinto eziphilayo ezisele. Ubukhulu obulinganayo bezinhlamvu buqinisekisa ukuncibilika okulinganayo — izinhlamvu ezinkulu zithatha isikhathi eside ukuncibilika futhi zishiya okungancibilikanga (okubizwa ngokuthi 'amatshe' ekwenzeni ingilazi) okwenza buthakathaka umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Qoqa isihlabathi esihlungiwe bese ukala amagremu angu-365 ncamashi. Kubeke eceleni esitsheni esihlanzekile, esomile.

I-Limestone (CaCO₃) inikeza i-calcium oxide (CaO) ezinzisa ingilazi. Choboza i-limestone ibe yimpuphu ecolekileyo usebenzisa udaka nomshayo noma ngokusonga izigaxa ngendwangu bese uzishaya ngesando. Uma impuphu icolekile, incibilika ngokushesha — hlose ukuthi ibe njengofulawa, ingabi nezinhlamvu ezibonakalayo ezinkulu kuno-1 mm.

I-Limestone iyabola ekuncibilikeni cishe ku-900 °C: CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂↑. Igesi ye-CO₂ ekhishwayo inomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamagwebu ekuncibilikeni, okufanele akhishwe kamuva ngesikhathi sokuhlanza. Impuphu ye-limestone ecolekileyo ibola ngokushesha futhi ngokulinganayo, ikhiqize amagwebu amakhulu ambalwa.

Kala amagremu angu-60 empuphu ye-limestone echotshoziwe.

I-Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-soda ash, iyi-flux. Kala amagremu angu-75. Ekuncibilikeni, i-soda ash iyabola cishe ku-850 °C: Na₂CO₃ → Na₂O + CO₂↑. I-sodium oxide (Na₂O) iphazamisa inethiwekhi ye-silica, ngakho le nqwaba incibilika ngokuphelele esithandweni esingu-1400–1500 °C esisetshenziswa lapha esikhundleni sokudinga u-1713 °C we-silica ehlanzekile.

Isilinganiso senqwaba ngesisindo: 73% isihlabathi se-silica, 15% i-soda ash, 12% i-limestone echotshoziwe (365g + 75g + 60g = inqwaba engu-500g isiyonke). Lokhu kukhiqiza ukwakheka okujwayelekile kwengilazi ye-soda-lime ngemuva kokubola kwama-carbonate. Abenzi bengilazi abaningi basendulo basebenzisa i-natron (iminerali yemvelo ye-sodium carbonate evela ezinqolobaneni zamachibi omile) njenge-flux yabo; inikeza i-sodium oxide efanayo ne-soda ash yesimanje.

Hlanganisa amagremu angu-365 esihlabathi se-silica esihlungiwe, amagremu angu-75 e-soda ash, namagremu angu-60 e-limestone echotshoziwe esitsheni esihlanzekile, esomile. Xuba ngesandla noma ngesigwedlo sokhuni imizuzu embalwa kuze kube yilapho izingxenye zisakazeke ngokulinganayo yonke indawo. Inhlanganisela kufanele ibukeke inombala ofanayo ngaphandle kwezigaxa ezibonakalayo noma izingqimba.

Ukuxuba kahle kubalulekile. Uma i-soda ash igxila endaweni eyodwa ye-crucible, leyo ndawo incibilika kuqala futhi yakhe ichibi elingaqinile elingancibilikisi kahle isihlabathi esiseduze. Iziqeshana zesihlabathi ezingaxutshwanga zihlala njenge-'cord' (imigqa yokwakheka okuhlukile) noma 'amatshe' (izinhlamvu ezingancibilikanga) engilazini eqediwe — kokubili kungamaphutha enza buthakathaka umkhiqizo.

Yakha isithando esincane samalahle ngezitini zomlilo, zipakishwe zakhe igumbi elivikelekile elinobubanzi bangaphakathi obucishe bube ngu-30 cm nobude obungu-40 cm, nembobo yomoya phansi yemvubelo. Isithando kufanele sigcine u-1400–1500 °C amahora amaningana — lokhu kudinga ukuvikeleka okuhle (izindonga zezitini zomlilo okungenani ezingu-10 cm ubukhulu) nokuphakelwa komoya okuqinile.

Beka umlomo wemvubelo phansi esithandweni, uqondiswe phezulu kancane. Gcwalisa isithando ngamalahle okhuni olunzima (izigaxa, hhayi ama-briquette) cishe kuze kube ezintathu kokubili. Basa amalahle bese uqala ukuphefumulela imvubelo kancane ukuze kube nomlilo oyisisekelo. Sebenza ngaphandle noma ngaphansi kwendawo enophahla enomoya omningi kakhulu — ukushisa kwamalahle kukhiqiza i-carbon monoxide.

Beka i-crucible yobumba olumelana nomlilo emaphethelweni omlomo wesithando bese uyiyeka ifudumale kancane kancane imizuzu engu-20–30. I-crucible ebandayo ebekwe ngqo esithandweni esishisayo izoqhekeka ngenxa yokushaqeka kokushisa — ubumba olumelana nomlilo luyakhula ngokungalingani uma lushiswa ngokushesha kakhulu. Sondeza i-crucible kancane kancane ekushiseni, bese uyehlisela egumbini lesithando uma isifinyelele ukukhanya okubomvu okufiphele (cishe ku-600–700 °C).

I-crucible kufanele ijule ngokwanele ukuze iphathe inqwaba engu-500 amagremu ngendawo yokuthi okuncibilikile kukhule futhi kubhuze ngesikhathi sokuqala sokukhishwa kwegesi. Kunconywa i-crucible enevolumu yangaphakathi okungenani engu-500 ml. Ama-crucible e-graphite amelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kunobumba kodwa abiza kakhulu — noma iyiphi isebenza kule nqubo.

Uma i-crucible isikhanya iwolintshi-bomvu ngaphakathi esithandweni, engeza inqwaba exutshiwe ngezingxenye ezincane — cishe ingxenye yesine ngesikhathi, ulinde imizuzu engu-5–10 phakathi kokwengeza. Ukwengeza yonke inqwaba ngesikhathi esisodwa kwehlisa kakhulu izinga lokushisa le-crucible futhi kungenza okuncibilikile kuqine kuzungeze izinto ezingaxutshwanga. Ukwengeza ngakunye kuzobhuza kakhulu njengoba ama-carbonate ebola futhi ekhipha i-CO₂.

Ngemuva kokwengeza ngakunye, khulisa umsebenzi wemvubelo ukuze ugcine izinga lokushisa. Inqwaba iqala ukuhlangana (izinhlamvu zihlangana ezindaweni zazo zokuthintana cishe ku-800–900 °C), bese kancane kancane incibilika ibe uketshezi oluqinile njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka. Igwebu elimhlophe phezulu lijwayelekile — lena yi-CO₂ ephuma ku-soda ash ne-limestone ebolayo.

Uma yonke inqwaba isifakiwe, khulisa umsebenzi wemvubelo kuze kufike esivinini esiphezulu esiqhubekayo. Inhloso ingu-1400–1500 °C — kuleli zinga lokushisa ingaphakathi lesithando likhanya liphuzi-mhlophe futhi okuncibilikile kwengilazi kuba uketshezi olugelezayo, olukhanya iwolintshi. Umsebenzi wemvubelo onamandla oqhubekayo ubalulekile; ngaphandle komoya ophoqelelwe, isithando samalahle ngokuvamile sifinyelela ku-1100–1200 °C kuphela, okunganele ukuncibilika okuphelele.

Ku-1400 °C, izinhlamvu zokugcina zesihlabathi ziyancibilika. Okuncibilikile kuqine kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi — kufana noju oluqinile — kodwa kugeleza ngokwanele ukuthi kugeleze futhi kuthelwe. Gcina leli zinga lokushisa okungenani imizuzu engu-30 ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinto eziluhlaza zincibilike ngokuphelele. Izinhlamvu zesihlabathi ezingancibilikanga zibonakala njengamachashaza amhlophe okuncibilikile okuwolintshi.

Ukuhlanza (fining) kuyinqubo yokukhipha amagwebu egesi (abizwa ngokuthi 'imbewu' ekwenzeni ingilazi) okuncibilikile. I-CO₂ evela ekuboleni kwama-carbonate, umoya ovalelekile, nomhwamuko wamanzi konke kwakha amagwebu okufanele akhuphukele phezulu aphume. Ku-1400–1500 °C, ukuqina kwengilazi kuphansi ngokwanele ukuthi amagwebu amancane akhuphuke — kodwa lokhu kuthatha isikhathi. Gcina okuncibilikile ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu amahora angu-1–2.

Ngesikhathi sokuhlanza, gcina umsebenzi wemvubelo uqhubeka futhi ugcwalise umbhede wamalahle. Phezulu kokuncibilikile kufanele kube bushelelezi futhi kukhanya iwolintshi ngaphandle kwegwebu elibonakalayo. Uma igwebu liqhubeka, izinga lokushisa lisephansi kakhulu noma ama-carbonate awakaboli ngokuphelele. Ukubekezela kulesi sinyathelo kunquma ukucweba kwengilazi — ukusheshisa kukhiqiza ingilazi egcwele amagwebu amancane.

Faka induku yensimbi noma ye-iron eshisisiwe (okungenani ubude obungu-1 mitha ukuze izandla zakho zibe kude nomlomo wesithando) okuncibilikile bese uvuselela kancane ngendlela eyindilinga. Ukuvuselela kunezinhloso ezimbili: kwenza ukwakheka kufane (kususe i-'cord' — imigqa ye-refractive index ehlukile ebangelwa umehluko wokwakheka) futhi kusiza amagwebu amancane ahlangane abe amakhulu akhuphuka ngokushesha.

Vuselela imizuzu engu-2–3, bese ukhipha induku. Ingilazi encibilikile izonamathela enduku — lokhu kujwayelekile. Ungayinyakazisi induku ukuze ukhiphe ingilazi eduze nesithando. Beka induku eceleni endaweni ephephile ekushiseni (isitini somlilo noma isihlabathi) bese uyeka ingilazi enamathele iphole futhi incipha; izoqhekeka ihlukane uma isiphole.

Cwilisa isihloko senduku ye-iron eshisisiwe okuncibilikile bese uyikhipha kancane. Intambo yengilazi encibilikile kufanele inwebeke isuka phezulu. Buka intambo: uma ibonakala futhi ibushelelezi, ingilazi incibilike kahle futhi ihlanzekile. Uma ibukeka inezinhlamvu, ingabonakali, noma inamagwebu abonakalayo, qhubeka nokuhlanza ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu eminye imizuzu engu-30 bese uhlola futhi.

Umbala wentambo epholile ukhomba ubuningi be-iron. Oluhlaza olukhanyayo noma oluhlaza-okwesibhakabhaka kusho i-iron emaphakathi — okuvamile emithonjeni yesihlabathi semvelo futhi kwamukeleka ngokuphelele. Cishe okungenambala kusho ukuthi kwasetshenziswa isihlabathi esine-iron encane noma okuncibilikile kune-oxidation enhle kakhulu. I-amber noma onsundu kukhomba i-iron eningi, nakho okujwayelekile esihlabathini semvelo.

Ngesikhathi okuncibilikile kuhlanzwa, lungisa indawo eyisicaba, emelana nokushisa yokuthela. Itshe eliyisicaba elikhulu, ipuleti lensimbi, noma umbhede wesihlabathi esihlanzekile esomile konke kuyasebenza. Uma usebenzisa itshe noma ipuleti lensimbi, lishisise ngokulibeka eduze kwesithando — ukuthela ingilazi encibilikile endaweni ebandayo kudala ukuqhekeka okusheshayo kwangaphezulu ngenxa yokushaqeka kokushisa.

Ukuze uthole idiski noma isicaba sengilazi esilula, ipuleti lensimbi elishisisiwe noma itshe eliyisicaba kuhle kakhulu. Ukuze uthole ucezu olubunjiwe, cindezela isimo esihlabathini esimanzi ukuze udale isikhunta esilula. Abenzi bengilazi basendulo babethela ezikhunteni zamatshe ezivulekile noma ezindaweni eziyisicaba, bese bebumba ingilazi esathambile ngamathuluzi isashisa.

Usebenzisa udlawu lwe-crucible olunesibambo eside, phakamisa ngokucophelela i-crucible esithandweni. Hamba ngokucophelela — ungasheshi. I-crucible nokuqukethwe kwayo kungaphezu kuka-1400 °C. Tshekisa i-crucible ngokuzinzile ukuze uthele ingilazi encibilikile endaweni yokuthela eshisisiwe ngomfudlana owodwa oqhubekayo. Ungami bese uqala kabusha — ukuthela okuphazamisekile kudala amaphutha ezingqimba (abizwa ngokuthi 'laps').

Ingilazi isakazeka ibe yichibi eliqinile noma idiski kuye ngendawo. Epuletini eliyisicaba izokwakha idiski eyindilinga cishe enobubanzi obungu-8–12 cm nobukhulu obungu-1–2 cm kusuka enqwabeni engu-500 amagremu. Ingilazi ikhanya iwolintshi ngokukhanyayo njengoba ithelwa futhi iguquke idlule ephuzini iye ebomvu elimnyama njengoba iqala ukuphola. Sebenza ngokushesha — ingilazi iqina ngokushesha uma isikhishwe esithandweni.

I-Annealing ukupholisa ingilazi kancane okulawulwayo ukuze kukhululwe ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi. Ngaphandle kwe-annealing, ingilazi iphola ngokungalingani — ingaphandle liyancipha kuyilapho ingaphakathi lisashisa, livalele ukudonseka okukhulu kakhulu. Ingilazi engenzanga i-annealing ingaqhekeka, iphahlazeke, noma iqhume emahoreni noma ngisho nasezinsukwini ngemuva kokuthelwa. Iphuzu le-annealing lengilazi ye-soda-lime licishe libe ngu-510–520 °C; iphuzu le-strain licishe libe ngu-470 °C.

Dlulisela ucezu lwengilazi olushisayo (olusakhanya bomvu) egumbini elivikelekile ukuze luphole kancane. Uhhavini we-annealing olula kakhulu ibhokisi lezitini zomlilo eligcwele i-vermiculite, umlotha owomile, noma isihlabathi esomile. Ngcwaba ucezu lwengilazi entweni evikelayo bese uvala ibhokisi. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu isivinini sokuphola — ingilazi kufanele ithathe okungenani amahora angu-8–12 ukufinyelela ezingeni lokushisa legumbi.

Ungavuli igumbi le-annealing noma uphazamise ingilazi okungenani amahora angu-8 — kungcono ubusuku bonke. Uhla olubucayi lokuphola luphakathi kuka-520 °C no-470 °C (iphuzu le-annealing kuya kwiphuzu le-strain). Uma ingilazi iphola ngokushesha kakhulu kulolu hla, ukucindezeleka okuhlala njalo kuvaleleka. Ngaphansi kuka-470 °C, ukuphola ngokushesha kuphephile kodwa akukho nzuzo ekusheshiseni.

Melana nesilingo sokuhlola ingilazi kusenesikhathi. Ngisho nokuvula igumbi elivikelekile isikhashana kuvumela umoya opholile ufinyelele phezulu kwengilazi, kudale umehluko wokucindezeleka i-annealing eyenzelwe ukuwuvimbela. Kuyeke kungaphazamiswa kuze kube yilapho into evikelayo isipholile uma uyithinta.

Khipha ingilazi epholile egumbini le-annealing. Susa noma yimuphi umlotha noma isihlabathi esinamathele ngebhulashi. Ucezu oluqediwe kufanele lube yidiski noma isicaba esiqinile esinengaphansi elibushelelezi (indawo yokuthintana) nengaphezulu elinokuthungwa kancane (indawo ekhululekile). Liphakamisele ekukhanyeni ukuze uhlole ukucweba, umbala, namagwebu.

Ingilazi ye-soda-lime eyenziwe kahle ngesihlabathi esihlanzekile iluhlaza okukhanyayo kuya cishe ekungabini nambala futhi ibonakala ngokwengxenye. Amanye amagwebu ajwayelekile engilazini encibilikiswe esithandweni — ukususa ngokuphelele amagwebu kudinga amazinga okushisa nezikhathi zokugcina ezingaphezu kwalokho isithando esincane samalahle esingakugcina. Amaphutha angaphezulu angagaywa futhi acwebezeliswe ngezinto zokugaya ezicolekileyo ngokulandelana uma kufunwa ukuqedwa okubushelelezi.

Usukhiqize ingilazi ye-soda-lime, into eqinile efana nengilazi evela kumaminerali amathathu avamile. Kusukela kulesi siqalo, lonke uhlobo lomsebenzi wengilazi luba nokwenzeka: ukuphephetha, ukuthela, ukufaka umbala, i-lampworking, nokugaya amalensi konke kuqala ngalokhu kuncibilika okuyisisekelo.