UBUCIKO
UBUHLE NEMPILO
UBUCIKO BEZANDLA
AMASIKO NOMLANDO
EZOKUZIJABULISA
IMVELO
UKUDLA NEZIPHUZO
REVERSE ENGINEERING
IZAYENSI
EZEMIDLALO
UBUCHWEPHESHE
IZINTO EZIGQOKWAYO
Miniature Printing Electronic Calculator: Kilby, Merryman & Van Tassel, 1974
Jack S. Kilby, Jerry D. Merryman and James H. Van Tassel of Texas Instruments first filed for this portable calculator in 1967; the patent, US 3,819,921, was granted in 1974. It adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides. All the arithmetic and control is done by one integrated semiconductor circuit array lying flat under the keyboard encoder. Answers are printed by a thermal print head, a 3 × 5 array of heater elements on a semiconductor wafer, on heat-sensitive paper tape read through a magnifying window. The case measured 4¼ × 6⅛ × 1¾ inches and the calculator weighed 45 ounces, running on batteries.
Osezingeni eliphezulu
Factory process
Imiyalelo
1
1
Keys and encoder
Keys and encoder
Mount the 18 keys (0–9, +, −, ×, ÷, the decimal point, C for clear, E for error and P for print) in stepped holes in the upper case. Each key shaft slides in a bearing; a helix spring under the shaft head returns it, guide pins stop it turning, and a resilient pad at its base carries a thin gold-plated copper strip. Below lies the encoder: conductive strips on an insulating board, grouped so each key shorts its own set of output terminals and encodes its digit in excess-3 binary code.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Ikesi le-calculator elinezingxenye ezimbili elinehenjisi1 ucezu
Inkinobho ebuyiswa yisprinji enephedi yokuxhumana18 izicucu
Ibhodi le-encoder lekhibhodi1 ucezuAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Isethi yamatweezer anembayo
Isethi yezikulufudrayiva2
2
Primary electronics
Primary electronics
Mount the integrated circuit array below the encoder, in a plane parallel to it, and connect the encoder's terminals to it. The array holds the arithmetic and control sections, generating the timing signals for calculating, printing and advancing the tape.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Uhlu lwesekethe ehlanganisiwe ye-calculator1 ucezuAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Isethi yamatweezer anembayo3
3
Printer and tape
Printer and tape
Place the thermal print head above a resilient pressure pad, its wafer surface against the tape. Rest the tape reel on a shelf; the tape runs up through a guide block, over the pad under the print head, past the magnifying lens window and out through the side of the case. A solenoid tape-advance mechanism steps the tape on after each line: its coil pulls a pivoted clapper, a spring-biased clutch grips the tape against a clutch plate, and a drive spring pushes it forward when the coil releases. An insulating acrylic cover plate separates the shelf from the primary electronics.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Ikhanda lokuphrinta lokushisa le-semiconductor elihlanganisiwe1 ucezu
Iteyipu yephepha ezwela ukushisa1 ucezu
Umshini wokuqhubekisela iteyipu nge-solenoid1 ucezu
Iwindi lelensi ekhulisayo1 ucezu
Ipuleti Le-akhriliki1 ucezuAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Isethi yamatweezer anembayoIsethi yezikulufudrayiva4
4
Power
Power
Fix the batteries, the auxiliary electronics module and the tape advance on the floor of the lower case. Three 1½ volt cells in series give 4½ volts and eight in series give 12 volts; the auxiliary module drives the tape-advance coil and the print timing. Wire the supply through the on/off switch to the primary electronics, and fit a battery charger plug in the wall of the lower case. Hinge and latch the two case halves so the top lifts for access.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Iseli elomile11 izicucu
Imojuli kagesi esizayo1 ucezu
Iswishi yokuvula/ukuvala1 ucezuAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Isihlubuli sikawaya
Udlawu OluhlanganisiweIsethi yezikulufudrayivaIzinto
12- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- 1 ucezuIsibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- 1 ucezuIsibambeli
- 1 ucezuIsibambeli
- 11 izicucuIsibambeli
- 1 ucezuIsibambeli
- 1 ucezuIsibambeli
Amathuluzi Adingekayo
4- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
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