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Potassium Sulfate from the Nitric Acid Residue
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Potassium Sulfate from the Nitric Acid Residue

When nitric acid is distilled from saltpetre and sulfuric acid, an acid salt is left in the retort. George Fownes's chemistry manual turns it into potassium sulfate: dissolve it, neutralise it with crude potash and let the neutral salt crystallise. Potassium sulfate is what makes potash alum from alum shale.
Ophakathi
A day with cooling

Imiyalelo

1

Dissolve the residue

Break the cold residue out of the nitric acid retort and dissolve it in hot water.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

I-potassium bisulfateI-potassium bisulfate500 g
AmanziAmanzi2 amalitha

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Isikali sesilinganisoIsikali sesilinganiso
Ibhikha LengilaziIbhikha Lengilazi
Ipuleti ElishisayoIpuleti Elishisayo
Izibuko Zokuchitheka KwamakhemikhaliIzibuko Zokuchitheka Kwamakhemikhali
Amagilavu erabhaAmagilavu erabha
2

Neutralise with potash

Stir in crude potash a little at a time; it fizzes. Stop when litmus paper no longer turns red.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

I-potassium carbonate (i-potash)I-potassium carbonate (i-potash)260 g

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Ibhikha LengilaziIbhikha Lengilazi
Iphepha le-litmusIphepha le-litmus
Izibuko Zokuchitheka KwamakhemikhaliIzibuko Zokuchitheka Kwamakhemikhali
Amagilavu erabhaAmagilavu erabha
3

Filter and crystallise

Filter it hot, boil it down a little and let it cool. Hard, clear crystals of potassium sulfate form.

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Ifanela Lengilazi ElinomlomoIfanela Lengilazi Elinomlomo
Iphepha LokuhluzaIphepha Lokuhluza
Ipuleti LokuhwamukaIpuleti Lokuhwamuka
Ipuleti ElishisayoIpuleti Elishisayo
4

Recrystallise

Dissolve the crystals again in as little boiling water as will take them, and cool. Dry them gently: Fownes notes they crackle apart if heated suddenly.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

AmanziAmanzi1 as required

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Ipuleti LokuhwamukaIpuleti Lokuhwamuka
Ipuleti ElishisayoIpuleti Elishisayo
5

Potash to neutralise the residue

Ilayisha incwadi ye-Jupyter…
6

Limits

Fownes's method; the amounts are ours, from the reaction. Crude potash carries other salts, so a second crystallising matters.

Izinto

3

Amathuluzi Adingekayo

9

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I-potassium sulphate

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Nitric Acid (Aquafortis) from Saltpetre and Oil of Vitriol, Ure 1839
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Nitric Acid (Aquafortis) from Saltpetre and Oil of Vitriol, Ure 1839

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