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Tin Oxide: Tin Burnt in an Open Iron Pot
Ondřej Mangl (Wikimedia Commons) · Public domain
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14. uMfumfu 2026DE
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Tin Oxide: Tin Burnt in an Open Iron Pot

Tin oxide is made by burning tin in air: melted tin in an open pot slowly turns to a white powder. Andrew Ure (1839) describes the enamel makers' way, with a lead-tin alloy in a flat iron pot, the powder raked aside as it forms, then ground and washed fine. Done with pure tin it gives the milky white oxide used in glazes, opal glass and polishing. The picture: tin(IV) oxide powder on a watch glass.
Ophakathi
A day

Imiyalelo

1

Melt the tin in an open pot

Melt the tin in a flat cast-iron pot over a charcoal fire. Leave the pot open to the air.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

Ingqimba ye-tinIngqimba ye-tin1 kg
AmalahleAmalahle1 as required

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Isikali sesilinganisoIsikali sesilinganiso
Ibhodwe lokuncibilikisa lensimbi ethelweIbhodwe lokuncibilikisa lensimbi ethelwe
Isithando SamalahleIsithando Samalahle
UdlawuUdlawu
Amagilavu Amelana NokushisaAmagilavu Amelana Nokushisa
2

Burn it, rake the powder aside

Raise the heat towards a dull red and keep stirring the surface. Rake the white crust to the sides as it forms, as Ure describes, and add tin as it is used up. Keep the heat as low as will do: Ure warns that too strong a fire fuses the powder and makes it hard to grind.

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Ibhodwe lokuncibilikisa lensimbi ethelweIbhodwe lokuncibilikisa lensimbi ethelwe
Ihala lensimbiIhala lensimbi
Isipuni esinezimboboIsipuni esinezimbobo
Amagilavu Amelana NokushisaAmagilavu Amelana Nokushisa
3

Pick out the metal

Let the powder cool. Sift it and pick out any beads of tin; Ure: no metal may be left in the oxide. Melt the beads back in.

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Isisefo EsicolekileIsisefo Esicolekile
Izibuko Zokuchitheka KwamakhemikhaliIzibuko Zokuchitheka Kwamakhemikhali
4

Grind and wash

Grind the powder fine with water. Stir it up in a bucket of water, let the coarse part settle for a moment and pour off the milky water; let the fine part settle out of that, as Ure washed his. Dry it in a dish and store it closed.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

AmanziAmanzi10 amalitha

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Isigqulo NomgquloIsigqulo Nomgqulo
UmgquloUmgqulo
IbhakedeIbhakede
Ipuleti LokuhwamukaIpuleti Lokuhwamuka
Ijeke LengilaziIjeke Lengilazi
5

Tin to oxide

Ilayisha incwadi ye-Jupyter…
6

Limits

Burning tin in air is how tin oxide is made (Wikipedia); the pot, raking, low heat and washing are Ure's practice for the lead-tin calx of enamel makers, used here with pure tin by our choice. Tin oxidises more slowly than Ure's lead-rich alloy, so allow time.

Izinto

3
  • 1
    Ingqimba ye-tin
    1 kg
    Isibambeli
  • 1
    Amalahle
    1 as required
    Isibambeli
  • 4
    Amanzi
    10 amalitha
    Isibambeli

Amathuluzi Adingekayo

14

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