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Butyl Rubber
Polyisobutylene was a soft, sticky material that could not be vulcanised - it had no double bonds left for sulphur to bridge. At Standard Oil in 1937 William Sparks and Robert Thomas added a few percent of isoprene to the isobutylene, just enough double bonds to cure it, and polymerised the mix far below freezing. The result held air better than any rubber before it, and inner tubes have been made of it ever since.
**US 2,356,128**, "Mixed olefinic polymerization process and product", Thomas and Sparks, assigned to Jasco, filed 20. October 1939, granted 22. August 1944: an isoolefin with a small amount of diolefin, polymerised below 0 °C (down to about -160 °C) with aluminium chloride; it describes "a low, controlled, chemical unsaturation, capable of being cured with sulfur".
**You measure the two properties that made its name**: it barely bounces, and it barely leaks.
初学者
1 hour plus a week of readings
说明
1
1
Make a butyl pad
Make a butyl pad
Cut 80 mm pieces from a bicycle inner tube and flatten them. Stack three (six walls) and tape the edges so it is about as thick as the natural rubber sheet.
此步骤所需材料：
内胎1 个
美纹纸胶带1 卷所需工具：
剪刀2
2
Drop and watch
Drop and watch
Tape a metal ruler upright beside each pad on a solid floor. Drop the steel ball from 500 mm, five times per pad, and read the top of the first bounce. Filming at eye level makes it easier.
此步骤所需材料：
天然橡胶板1 个所需工具：
钢制滚珠轴承
金属直尺3
3
Inflate the leak test
Inflate the leak test
Pump the rest of the tube just until it is round - do not stretch it. Blow up a latex balloon to about the same firmness and tie it. Mark where you will measure each with tape.
此步骤所需材料：
气球1 包所需工具：
自行车立式打气筒4
4
Measure for a week
Measure for a week
Each day at the same time measure the balloon round its middle and the tube round its cross-section at the mark. Note the room temperature.
所需工具：
卷尺
室温计5
5
Bounce and leak
Bounce and leak
正在加载 Jupyter 笔记本…
6
6
History & Context
History & Context
**What the patent specifies:** isobutylene with a little conjugated diolefin, polymerised below 0 °C with aluminium chloride in an alkyl halide, then sulphur-cured. **Modern build (derived):** a commercial butyl inner tube.
Butyl became a strategic wartime rubber, then the air-holding liner inside every tubeless tyre, plus pond liners, roof membranes and engine mounts. Its limits: it is slow to vulcanise, does not bond well to other rubbers, and swells in oil and petrol.
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