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Hand Files Cut With a Double-Edged Hammer and Tempered in Burnt Ox Horn and Salt (Theophilus, 12th Century)
How a medieval metalworker made his own files, from Theophilus's De Diversis Artibus (12th century): files of steel, or of soft iron faced with steel, forged to size, smoothed and cut with a double-edged hammer or cutting iron, then hardened by sprinkling them glowing with burnt ox horn and salt and quenching. Small soft-iron files are packed in lard, goatskin and clay instead.
Erfahren
About 1 day per few files
Anweisungen
1
1
The hardening mix
The hardening mix
Jupyter-Notebook wird geladen …
2
2
Read De Diversis Artibus, Book III
Read De Diversis Artibus, Book III
"Files are made from pure steel, large and moderately sized, triangular and round. Others also are made which are stronger in the middle, from soft iron inside, but outwardly they are covered with steel."
3
3
Forge and smooth the blanks
Forge and smooth the blanks
Beat steel (or soft iron covered with steel) to the size and shape wanted: large or moderate, triangular or round; for small files, square, round, triangular or thin. Smooth them on a planing instrument (a filing or scraping bed).
Materialien für diesen Schritt:
Kohlenstoffstahl-Stab (0,6 % C)1 Stück
Schmiedeeisenstange1 StückBenötigte Werkzeuge:
Esse
Blasebalg
Amboss
Hammer
Schmiedezange
Feilen (Handfeile)4
4
Cut the teeth
Cut the teeth
Mark out the teeth with a hammer sharp on both sides, or with the cutting iron, until the file is cut all over.
Benötigte Werkzeuge:
Hammer
FeilenhaumeißelAmboss
Schraubstock5
5
Temper with horn and salt
Temper with horn and salt
Burn an ox horn in the fire, scrape it, mix it with a third part of salt and grind it hard. Heat the file until it glows, sprinkle the mixture over it everywhere, lay hot coals on and blow quickly over the whole without letting the coating fall off; then draw it out and quench it evenly in water, and dry it slightly over the fire. He tempers all steel things this way.
Materialien für diesen Schritt:
Rinderhorn1 Stück
Salz1 StückBenötigte Werkzeuge:
EsseBlasebalg
PipetteSchmiedezange
Abschreckbottich6
6
Or pack small soft-iron files
Or pack small soft-iron files
For small soft-iron files, after cutting, anoint them with the grease of an old hog, bind them with small straps of buck-goat skin tied with flaxen thread, and cover each with beaten clay, leaving the handles (tangs) bare. Dry them, put them in the fire and blow strongly until the skin is burned, take them quickly out of the clay, quench evenly in water, and dry them at the fire.
Materialien für diesen Schritt:
Schweinefett (Flomen und Rückenspeck)1 Stück
Ziegenleder1 Stück
Leinenfaden1 Stück
Ton1 StückBenötigte Werkzeuge:
EsseBlasebalgSchmiedezangeAbschreckbottich
Ledermesser7
7
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
File troubleshooting.
Flow
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8
8
History and honest limits
History and honest limits
From Theophilus Presbyter, **De Diversis Artibus** (12th century), Book III, chapters XVII-XIX, translated by Robert Hendrie (1847) (checked on the archive.org scan essayuponvarious00hend, pp. 223-225). He gives no sizes, temperatures or tooth spacing. The tools and the case-hardening explanation are ours.
Materialien
8- Platzhalter
- 1 StückPlatzhalter
- 1 StückPlatzhalter
- 1 StückPlatzhalter
- Platzhalter
- 1 StückPlatzhalter
- 1 StückPlatzhalter
- 1 StückPlatzhalter
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