Twin Inclined-Wing Dasher Churn: Two Geared Dashers With Up- and Down-Sloping Wings Turn Through Each Other, Flat Wings Between

"Thus it will be seen that the downwardly inclined wings move in paths describing broad cones, pointing upward; while the upwardly inclined wings describe cones pointing downward; and as these rapidly alternate, they cut paths through the milk or cream rapidly crossing each other, thereby producing intense and effective agitation of the cream."

Draw two 330 mm circles, centres 220 mm apart, joined by straight lines, on 20 mm hardwood glued up wide enough, and cut the floor to it. Rout a groove 1.6 mm wide and 8 mm deep on the 290 mm circles and their joining lines. Cut two strips of 1.5 mm stainless sheet 428 mm high, bend them to the outline, stand them in the groove with silicone sealant, and lap and rivet the joins on the straight sides with sealant between. Glue up a hardwood rim 18 mm thick and 30 mm deep to fit round the top, screwed through the sheet. Screw a hardwood block 60 x 64 x 70 mm to the middle of each long side, 150 mm up, with a 24 mm square socket a down through it, sealing the screw holes.

Cut two hardwood shafts 28 mm round and 408 mm long; turn the foot of each to 16 mm for 18 mm, and set a 16 mm stainless rod 103 mm long 40 mm into the top, pinned. Cut eight hardwood wings L 250 x 25 x 8 mm and six flat wings M 114 x 24 x 8 mm. Chisel slots through each shaft and drive the wings through, each pinned with a small dowel: the L pairs sloping 20 degrees, all in one plane, at 60, 140, 220 and 300 mm above the floor on one shaft and 100, 180, 260 and 340 mm on the other; the M wings flat, at right angles to the L, midway between them. Screw two hardwood steps 40 mm across, each with a 16.6 mm hole 6 mm deep, to the floor at the two end centres.

Cut a hardwood board 340 x 396 x 25 mm and screw two 22 mm square hardwood standards 302 mm long under the middle of its 340 mm edges to drop into the sockets a. Bore it 16.8 mm over the two dasher shafts and 12.8 mm at the centre. Cut a 12 mm HDPE cover to the body's outside outline with 28 mm holes over the dashers. Stand the dashers in their steps, put on the cover and drop the frame into the sockets. Pin a pinion H on each dasher rod above the board with both wing planes lying along the churn, one dasher's down-sloping wings toward the other's up-sloping ones. Run a 12 mm stainless upright shaft 113 mm long through the centre hole with the wheel G pinned on it meshing both pinions, and the pinion E pinned 60 mm above the board. Screw two hardwood chairs 44 x 30 x 116 mm to the board, bored 12.6 mm across, carry a 12 mm stainless crank shaft in them with the crown wheel D pinned on its end meshing E, and hold it with shaft collars. Pin on a crank C of mild steel flat bar, 88 mm throw, with a hardwood handle.

Pour about 25 litres of heavy cream at about 15 °C, checked with the thermometer, into the body, about half full; put on the cover and drop in the frame. Turn the winch steadily, timing it. When the butter comes, lift the frame out of its sockets, take off the cover and lift out the dashers. Take out the butter from the ends, pour the buttermilk into a bowl, wash the butter in cold water until it runs clear, salt and weigh it.

**Levi Bissell** of North Bergen, Genesee County, New York, US 29,052, 10 July 1860, "Churn". He claimed "the oppositely inclined sets of dasher wings L, L, following each other on their respective shafts, while those of one dasher alternate and intermatch with those of the other dasher, and the intermediate, horizontal dasher wings M, M". He did not claim two dashers with intermatching wings as such, nor sloping wings alone. He also allowed "feathering" the wings, in one way or in contrary ways; ours are not feathered. His gears were a bevel wheel and pinion; ours are a printed crown wheel and pinion. The patent gives no sizes; every size here is ours.