Swinging-Vessel Crank Churn: The Churn Hangs Free and Follows Its Crank-Driven Dasher

"The churning vessel m, being allowed to swing freely back and forth during the operation of its dasher, will prevent any binding or grinding friction between the sides of said dasher and the sides of the churning vessel…"

Print the vessel, its cover, the disk, two bridles, two buttons, the dash, the dasher head, the beam, the pitman, two crank webs, the large and small pulleys, the balance wheel and the handle. Lay the bridles, beam and pitman across the bed's diagonal. Print in PETG at 0.2 mm layers, 30 % infill, 4 walls; wash before first use.

Rip 18 mm pine into 30 mm strips. For each side cut a timber a 406 mm long and a timber d 367 mm long, and halve them where they cross, 227 mm along a and 205 mm along d from their lower ends; glue and screw. Join the two sides 170 mm apart inside with cross pieces 206 mm long at the top of a and the feet of a and d. Drill 10.5 mm holes through both sides where the timbers cross, through a 81 mm from its foot, and through d 15 mm from its top; and a 4.5 mm hole through a 363 mm from its foot for the bridles.

Cut 10 mm dowels: the driving shaft 276 mm, the beam's shaft 216 mm, and the crank shaft in two pieces of 102 and 142 mm. Pass the driving shaft through the crossing holes and fix the large pulley and the balance wheel on its front end with M3 screws drilled through. Fix a crank web on the inner end of each crank-shaft piece, an M6 screw through both webs as the crankpin, and the small pulley on the front end. Tie a loop of cotton twine tightly over both pulleys as the band. Put the beam on its shaft between the d timbers, the pitman from the crankpin to the beam's fork on an M6 screw, and screw the handle into the balance wheel.

Hang a bridle from each a on an M4 screw through the 4.5 mm hole, free to swing, and bolt the disk between their feet. Stand the vessel on the disk. Cut a 10 mm dowel 194 mm long as the dasher shaft, fix the dash on its foot and the head on its top, pass it through the cover, and pin the head into the beam's other fork with an M6 screw and lock nut, your removable pin. Turn the buttons over the cover.

Pour in 1.2 litres of heavy cream at about 15 °C, checked with the thermometer, set the cover on and turn the buttons. Turn the handle steadily and time it with the stopwatch: the vessel swings a little with each stroke. When the butter comes, pull the pin, lift the dasher and the vessel out, pour off the buttermilk, wash the butter in cold water until it runs clear, work in a pinch of salt and weigh it.

**James S. Appleton** of White River Junction, Windsor County, Vermont, US 21,176, 17 August 1858, signed 17 June 1858. Any form of dasher, he wrote, may be used, and the shafts may be geared instead of banded. He held that the swinging, pulsing vessel makes the dasher act with unusual energy, and claimed securing the vessel in a freely swinging frame while a crank shaft, pitman and vibrating beam work the dasher. Our frame sizes, printed parts, cord band and dash are ours. FDM prints hold food in their layer lines, so wash well and replace when worn.