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Hand Files Cut With a Double-Edged Hammer and Tempered in Burnt Ox Horn and Salt (Theophilus, 12th Century)
Youblob (drawing after Theophilus) · Public domain
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14. noviembre 2026NO
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Hand Files Cut With a Double-Edged Hammer and Tempered in Burnt Ox Horn and Salt (Theophilus, 12th Century)

How a medieval metalworker made his own files, from Theophilus's De Diversis Artibus (12th century): files of steel, or of soft iron faced with steel, forged to size, smoothed and cut with a double-edged hammer or cutting iron, then hardened by sprinkling them glowing with burnt ox horn and salt and quenching. Small soft-iron files are packed in lard, goatskin and clay instead.
Avanzado
About 1 day per few files

Instrucciones

1

The hardening mix

Cargando el cuaderno de Jupyter…
2

Read De Diversis Artibus, Book III

"Files are made from pure steel, large and moderately sized, triangular and round. Others also are made which are stronger in the middle, from soft iron inside, but outwardly they are covered with steel."
3

Forge and smooth the blanks

Beat steel (or soft iron covered with steel) to the size and shape wanted: large or moderate, triangular or round; for small files, square, round, triangular or thin. Smooth them on a planing instrument (a filing or scraping bed).

Materiales para este paso:

Barra de acero al carbono (0,6 % C)Barra de acero al carbono (0,6 % C)1 pieza
Barra de hierro forjadoBarra de hierro forjado1 pieza

Herramientas necesarias:

FraguaFragua
FuelleFuelle
YunqueYunque
MartilloMartillo
Tenazas de fraguaTenazas de fragua
Limas (lima de mano)Limas (lima de mano)
4

Cut the teeth

Mark out the teeth with a hammer sharp on both sides, or with the cutting iron, until the file is cut all over.

Herramientas necesarias:

MartilloMartillo
Cincel para picar limasCincel para picar limas
YunqueYunque
Tornillo de bancoTornillo de banco
5

Temper with horn and salt

Burn an ox horn in the fire, scrape it, mix it with a third part of salt and grind it hard. Heat the file until it glows, sprinkle the mixture over it everywhere, lay hot coals on and blow quickly over the whole without letting the coating fall off; then draw it out and quench it evenly in water, and dry it slightly over the fire. He tempers all steel things this way.

Materiales para este paso:

Cuerno de vacunoCuerno de vacuno1 pieza
SalSal1 pieza

Herramientas necesarias:

FraguaFragua
FuelleFuelle
PipetaPipeta
Tenazas de fraguaTenazas de fragua
Cubo de templeCubo de temple
6

Or pack small soft-iron files

For small soft-iron files, after cutting, anoint them with the grease of an old hog, bind them with small straps of buck-goat skin tied with flaxen thread, and cover each with beaten clay, leaving the handles (tangs) bare. Dry them, put them in the fire and blow strongly until the skin is burned, take them quickly out of the clay, quench evenly in water, and dry them at the fire.

Materiales para este paso:

Grasa de cerdo (riñonada y tocino de lomo)Grasa de cerdo (riñonada y tocino de lomo)1 pieza
Cuero de cabraCuero de cabra1 pieza
Hilo de linoHilo de lino1 pieza
ArcillaArcilla1 pieza

Herramientas necesarias:

FraguaFragua
FuelleFuelle
Tenazas de fraguaTenazas de fragua
Cubo de templeCubo de temple
Cuchilla para cueroCuchilla para cuero
7

Troubleshooting

File troubleshooting.

Flow

Loading...
8

History and honest limits

From Theophilus Presbyter, **De Diversis Artibus** (12th century), Book III, chapters XVII-XIX, translated by Robert Hendrie (1847) (checked on the archive.org scan essayuponvarious00hend, pp. 223-225). He gives no sizes, temperatures or tooth spacing. The tools and the case-hardening explanation are ours.

Materiales

8

Herramientas requeridas

11

Este plano hace

Thumbnail
Marcador

Limas (lima de mano)

Free

3480
0

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