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Glycerin from Candle-Works Sweet Water: Cap's Process
Unknown (museum object via DPLA) · Public domain
Charlie

Dibuat oleh

Charlie

13. Oktober 2026DE
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Glycerin from Candle-Works Sweet Water: Cap's Process

The sweet water washed out of lime soap in the stearin candle works holds the fat's glycerin, with lime and fatty traces. Cap's process, given in Muspratt's Chemistry (1860), turns it into glycerin: the lime is thrown down as sulfate with sulfuric acid, the liquor is boiled down out of contact with the air, neutralised with chalk, filtered, cleared with bone black and concentrated to a colourless syrup of about 51° Twaddell.
Lanjutan
Several days

Instruksi

1

Boil down the sweet water

Reduce the glycerin water drawn off from the lime soap by evaporation over a fire.

Material untuk langkah ini:

Air gliserinAir gliserin1 as required
Batu bara bituminusBatu bara bituminus1 as required

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Wajan penguapanWajan penguapan
Tungku bataTungku bata
2

Find how much lime it holds

Measure out a known volume, precipitate its lime with oxalate of ammonia, collect the precipitate, dry it, burn it and weigh it. From that, work out how much sulfuric acid will just combine with all the lime.

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Amonium oksalatAmonium oksalat
Kertas SaringKertas Saring
Kowi Tanah Liat Tahan ApiKowi Tanah Liat Tahan Api
Neraca lenganNeraca lengan
3

Throw the lime down with sulfuric acid

Add that amount of sulfuric acid. Sulfate of lime falls. Let it settle and decant the clear liquid into another vessel.

Material untuk langkah ini:

Asam sulfatAsam sulfat1 as required

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Bak kayu besarBak kayu besar
Kacamata Pelindung Cipratan KimiaKacamata Pelindung Cipratan Kimia
Sarung tangan karetSarung tangan karet
4

Boil it out of contact with air, to 14° Twaddell

Boil the liquid in a covered vessel, kept stirred, so the air cannot reach it. The boiling drives off volatile fatty impurities and the liquid loses colour and smell. At 14° Twaddell let it cool: more sulfate of lime falls.

Material untuk langkah ini:

Batu bara bituminusBatu bara bituminus1 as required

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Bak kayu besarBak kayu besar
Pengaduk kayu bergagangPengaduk kayu bergagang
Tungku bataTungku bata
HidrometerHidrometer
5

Neutralise any excess acid with chalk

Test with litmus. If the liquid is acid, add powdered chalk or limestone a little at a time until it is neutral.

Material untuk langkah ini:

Kalsium Karbonat - Batu Kapur TumbukKalsium Karbonat - Batu Kapur Tumbuk1 as required

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Kertas lakmusKertas lakmus
Pengaduk kayu bergagangPengaduk kayu bergagang
6

Boil on to 37.5° and filter

Boil again out of contact with air, stirring actively, to 37.5° Twaddell. Collect the sulfate and carbonate of lime on a filter.

Material untuk langkah ini:

Batu bara bituminusBatu bara bituminus1 as required

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Bak kayu besarBak kayu besar
Pengaduk kayu bergagangPengaduk kayu bergagang
Tungku bataTungku bata
HidrometerHidrometer
SaringanSaringan
7

Reduce to 49°, filtering again if needed

Evaporate the filtrate, keeping it well agitated, until on cooling it marks 49° Twaddell. If more sulfate of lime falls, filter again.

Material untuk langkah ini:

Batu bara bituminusBatu bara bituminus1 as required

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Wajan penguapanWajan penguapan
Tungku bataTungku bata
HidrometerHidrometer
SaringanSaringan
8

Clear it through bone black

Pass it through washed animal charcoal (bone black) to take out the tinge. It comes through as a colourless solution of about 45° Twaddell.

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Pigmen hitam arang tulangPigmen hitam arang tulang
SaringanSaringan
9

Concentrate to 51° Twaddell

Concentrate it carefully, driving off about a quarter of its weight of water, until the syrupy liquid reads 51.2° Twaddell. Store it closed.

Material untuk langkah ini:

Batu bara bituminusBatu bara bituminus1 as required

Alat yang dibutuhkan:

Wajan penguapanWajan penguapan
Tungku bataTungku bata
HidrometerHidrometer
10

Cap's readings as specific gravity

Memuat notebook Jupyter…
11

Troubleshooting

Glycerin troubleshooting.

Flow

Loading...
12

History and honest limits

Muspratt (1860) gives Cap's process alongside the older lead-plaster method (olive oil and litharge, the lead removed with hydrogen sulfide). He quotes Wilson that Cap's glycerin, though better than the old product, is not absolutely pure. Bone black is used here as a filter that clears the colour; it is not part of the glycerin. The Twaddell-to-specific-gravity conversion is the standard definition of the scale.

Bahan

4

Alat yang Diperlukan

14

Cetak biru ini membuat

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