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Building Leonardo da Vinci's Aerial Screw — The Ancestor of the Helicopter
Around 1489 Leonardo da Vinci sketched a machine to rise straight up into the air: a huge screw of starched linen that, spun fast enough, would 'make its spiral in the air and rise'. It is the earliest known design for vertical flight — the direct ancestor of the helicopter rotor. This blueprint reconstructs Leonardo's aerial screw from a cane-and-linen helix on a spun axle, and is honest about the outcome: at human power it could never lift its own weight, yet its principle — a turning helical wing driving air downward — is exactly how every helicopter flies today, 450 years later.
上級者
20
手順
1
1
Understand Leonardo's idea
Understand Leonardo's idea
Just as a wood screw bites into a plank as it turns, Leonardo reasoned a large screw turning fast would bite into the air and climb. He wrote that a well-made screw of starched linen, spun quickly, 'will make its spiral in the air and it will rise high'. This is the first design for vertical flight.
2
2
Raise the central axle
Raise the central axle
Fix a stout vertical pole as the central axle, standing on a round platform that can turn freely. Everything spins about this axle, so it must be straight, strong and well seated.
このステップの材料:
ブナの製材2 個必要な工具:
手のこぎり3
3
Form the helical frame
Form the helical frame
Bend lengths of springy cane into a continuous spiral rising around the axle — the thread of the screw — and lash them to radial arms fixed to the pole. The spiral should make about one full turn from platform to top.
このステップの材料:
割り竹3 束
結束用ロープ20 メートル必要な工具:
ナイフ4
4
Cover with stiffened linen
Cover with stiffened linen
Stretch linen tightly over the spiral frame and stiffen it with starch or boiled linseed oil, as Leonardo specified, so the screw presents one continuous solid face to the air rather than a leaky mesh.
このステップの材料:
リネン生地30 square meter
ボイル亜麻仁油1 リットル必要な工具:
目打ち（キリ）5
5
Rig the drive
Rig the drive
Attach cords or push-bars at the base so several people can run around the platform and spin the screw as fast as they can — the muscle power Leonardo intended to turn it.
このステップの材料:
結束用ロープ15 メートル必要な工具:
ナイフ6
6
Spin it and feel the downwash
Spin it and feel the downwash
Spin the screw up to speed and feel the column of air it drives downward beneath it. That downwash is genuine thrust — the machine really does push against the air, exactly as a helicopter rotor does.
7
7
The honest verdict
The honest verdict
At full size and human power it cannot lift its own weight: the linen-and-cane structure is heavy and muscle power is far too weak, and Leonardo had no light engine. It never flew. But the concept — a rotating helical wing throwing air down to climb — is precisely the principle of the helicopter, sketched 450 years early.
8
8
Prove the principle at model scale
Prove the principle at model scale
Build a small, light version and spin it with a wound cord or a little motor: it lifts off. This shows Leonardo's reasoning was sound — only the power-to-weight ratio available in 1489 stood between his drawing and true flight.
材料
5- 2 個プレースホルダー
- 3 束プレースホルダー
- 35 メートルプレースホルダー
- 30 square meterプレースホルダー
- 1 リットルプレースホルダー
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