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Charcoal Finery Iron: the South Wales Process, Ball Hammered into Stamps (Percy, 1864)

John Percy (woodcut drawn by Octavius Williams, engraved by R. W. Mallett) · Public domain (published 1864)

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4. 11월 2026

Charcoal Finery Iron: the South Wales Process, Ball Hammered into Stamps (Percy, 1864)

The best iron for charcoal tin-plates, as Percy watched it made at the Morfa Tin-plate Works, Llanelly, on 9 September 1859: pig iron melted under coke in a running-out fire flows into two charcoal fineries, where it is broken up with charcoal, melted down before a cold blast and worked into a ball, which is hammered into a slab and broken into 'stamps'. Charcoal is used because it holds no sulphide of iron, so no sulphur passes into the iron. Source: J. Percy, Metallurgy: Iron and Steel (1864), pp. 581-586. Picture: Fig. 107, the refinery and two charcoal fineries at Morfa.

고급

Unknown

안내

Melt the pig under coke

Melt Pembrokeshire pig iron and Cumberland haematite pig iron together under coke in the running-out fire (melting finery), enough to fill two charcoal fineries: 5 to 6 cwt at Pont-y-Mister; 200 to 250 lb for each finery at Pontypool. Tap it at the bottom so that metal flows first, and keep the slag apart as far as you can. Not given: the proportion of the two pigs.

이 단계의 재료:

선철 덩이1 5-6 cwt for two fineries

야금용 코크스1 개

필요한 도구:

정련로(러닝아웃 파이어)

송풍 기관

Fill the charcoal fineries

Run the molten metal into the two charcoal fineries, still hot from the last heat. Take off the slag that comes with it as a crust once it has set. Throw in a basket of charcoal and let the cold blast on full.

이 단계의 재료:

덩어리 숯(활엽수)1 a basket per finery, more as needed

필요한 도구:

정련로

송풍 기관

Break up and melt down

Break the friable, half-set metal with an iron bar, mix it with the charcoal and heap it towards the tuyere side, where it melts down before the blast ('sinking a lump'). Throw water on the charcoal at intervals so that it does not burn to waste. Keep loosening and raising the metal from the bottom and the tuyere side.

필요한 도구:

부지깽이

정련로

물

Gather the ball

Put back pieces left from the last hammering with a two-pronged fork. Tap off the cinder several times and add charcoal, using the hooks at the sides as fulcra to press loose pieces down onto the ball. Lessen the blast at the end. At Morfa the metal went in at 2 h 10 m and the ball came out at 3 h 23 m.

필요한 도구:

부지깽이

정련로

Hammer the ball into a slab

Put the ball under the cam hammer with the tuyere mark facing the hammerman. Hammer it into a narrow slab, rounded at the ends, about 1 3/4 to 2 1/4 in. thick. While it is hot, nick it across deeply in seven or eight places with a chisel-ended bar under the hammer.

필요한 도구:

캠식 단조 해머

대장간 집게

Quench and break into stamps

Plunge the nicked slab, still red-hot, into cold water to loosen the oxide. Lay it nicks down across a long ribbed anvil and break it with a narrow-ended sledge into 'stamps' of about 26 lb. Set the end pieces apart, sort the rest by soundness, and return broken bits to the next charge.

필요한 도구:

물