예술
뷰티 및 웰니스
공예
문화 및 역사
엔터테인먼트
환경
음식 및 음료
역공학
과학
스포츠
기술
웨어러블
Fits: Clearance, Transition and Interference — the Difference Is Microns
A shaft that slides into a hole and a shaft that has to be pressed in can differ in diameter by less than the thickness of a human hair. Which of those you have is decided by a few microns, and the difference in behaviour is total.
A CLEARANCE fit always has a gap: the parts assemble by hand and can move. An INTERFERENCE fit always has the shaft larger than the hole: the parts must be forced together and then grip each other permanently. A TRANSITION fit may be either, depending on where the two parts happen to fall in their tolerances.
This is why a bearing can spin on its shaft, or crack its outer ring, or work perfectly — all from the same drawing and the same parts bin. The fit is the design decision, and it is made in numbers before anything is cut.
중급
3 hours
안내
1
1
Measure both parts, and measure them properly
Measure both parts, and measure them properly
You cannot choose a fit without knowing what you have. Measure the shaft and the bore with a micrometer or a good caliper, at several places along their length and at several angles round them.
Several angles matters because nothing is perfectly round. A shaft that reads 19.98 mm one way and 20.02 mm at ninety degrees is out of round by 0.04 mm, which is larger than most fits — and averaging the two hides it.
Let both parts reach the same temperature first. Steel expands about 11 microns per metre per degree, so a 50 mm part handled for a minute can grow by more than the fit you are trying to measure. Warm hands are a real error here.
이 단계의 재료:
강철 축 30 mm1 개필요한 도구:
버니어 캘리퍼스
디지털 캘리퍼스 6인치2
2
The arithmetic, and what each fit is for
The arithmetic, and what each fit is for
Jupyter 노트북 불러오는 중…
이 단계의 재료:
강철 축 30 mm1 개
Ball Bearing - Non-Flanged (8mm Bore, 22mm OD)1 개필요한 도구:
버니어 캘리퍼스
데스크톱 컴퓨터
계산기3
3
Temperature is a tool, not just an error
Temperature is a tool, not just an error
Heat the outer part and it grows; chill the inner part and it shrinks. Do both and an interference fit can be assembled by hand, then locks as the temperatures equalise.
Steel expands about 11 microns per metre per degree Celsius, so a 100 mm bore heated by 100 degrees grows roughly 0.11 mm — far more than any normal interference. An oven at 120 degrees, or a freezer for the shaft, is usually enough.
Never heat a bearing above about 120 degrees. Above that the hardened rings begin to temper and lose hardness permanently, and a blowtorch anywhere near a bearing ruins it in seconds. Induction heaters and hot oil baths exist precisely because the temperature has to be controlled.
이 단계의 재료:
강철 축 30 mm1 개Ball Bearing - Non-Flanged (8mm Bore, 22mm OD)1 개필요한 도구:
디지털 캘리퍼스 6인치
니트릴 고무 장갑4
4
Surface finish and roundness are part of the fit
Surface finish and roundness are part of the fit
A measured diameter is an average over a surface that has peaks and valleys. Press two rough surfaces together and the peaks flatten, so the effective interference is less than the measured one — often by 2 to 5 microns on ordinary turned work.
That is why bearing seats are ground rather than turned. It is not fussiness: a rough seat loses a significant fraction of a 15 micron interference to flattened peaks the first time the joint is loaded, and then the bearing creeps.
Roundness matters as much. A bore that is 0.03 mm oval will grip a round shaft at two points and leave gaps at ninety degrees, so the pressure is concentrated rather than shared — which distorts the bearing ring and takes the internal clearance with it.
이 단계의 재료:
강철 축 30 mm1 개필요한 도구:
다이얼 게이지버니어 캘리퍼스
틈새 게이지 세트필요 도구
7- 플레이스홀더
- 플레이스홀더
- 플레이스홀더
- 플레이스홀더
- 플레이스홀더
- 플레이스홀더
- 플레이스홀더
예상 총액
만든 사람이 산 것. 가격이 없는 재료는 구매하는 곳에서 구하면 됩니다.
관련 블루프린트
이 블루프린트들은 지식을 공유합니다 — 기술, 재료 또는 원리
CC0 퍼블릭 도메인
이 블루프린트는 CC0로 공개되었습니다. 어떤 목적으로든 자유롭게 복사, 수정, 배포 및 사용할 수 있습니다.
제품 구매를 통해 메이커를 지원하세요. 판매자가 설정한 메이커 커미션 을 받거나, 이 블루프린트의 새로운 반복을 만들어 연결로 포함시킬 수 있습니다.