فن
خوبصورتی اور تندرستی
دستکاری
ثقافت اور تاریخ
تفریح
ماحول
خوراک اور مشروبات
ریورس انجینئرنگ
سائنسز
کھیل
ٹیکنالوجی
پہننے والے آلات
Acid Into Water, Never Water Into Acid: Why the Order Is Not a Preference
Diluting a strong acid RELEASES HEAT — a great deal of it. Concentrated sulfuric acid and water together can reach boiling point in seconds, and what boils is not the acid but the small amount of water that got there first.
That is the whole reason for the order. Pour acid into a large volume of water and the heat is spread through all of it, raising the temperature a little. Pour water into acid and the first drops land in a pool of acid, boil instantly, and spit concentrated acid back out of the vessel.
The rule people remember it by is crude and effective: **do as you oughta, add acid to water.** It applies to every strong acid and to concentrated alkali solutions too, and it is not a laboratory formality — it is the difference between a warm beaker and a face.
درمیانہ
2 hours
ہدایات
1
1
Put the water in first, and have enough of it
Put the water in first, and have enough of it
Measure the water into the vessel before the acid bottle is opened. The water should be most of the final volume, so that when the acid arrives there is plenty of cold liquid to absorb the heat.
Use a vessel much larger than the final volume — half full at most. Heat makes the liquid move, and a vessel filled to the brim has nowhere to put that movement.
Borosilicate, not ordinary glass. The temperature can rise fast enough to crack soda-lime glass through thermal shock, and a cracked beaker of hot acid is the worst possible way to learn the difference.
اس مرحلے کے لیے مواد:
کشید کیا ہوا پانی1 لیٹردرکار اوزار:
بوروسلیکیٹ بیکر
پیمائشی استوانہ
کیمیائی چھینٹوں سے بچاؤ کا چشمہ
نائٹرائل ربڑ کے دستانے2
2
Add the acid slowly, down a stirring rod, with stirring
Add the acid slowly, down a stirring rod, with stirring
Pour the acid in a thin stream down a glass stirring rod held against the inside of the vessel, so it runs down the wall rather than dropping in. Stir continuously throughout.
Both of those do the same job: they stop a pocket of concentrated acid sitting at the bottom and getting hot on its own. Acid is denser than water and will sink and stay there unless it is mixed, and a hot layer under a cold one is exactly what makes a vessel spit.
Stop and let it cool if it becomes hot to the touch through the glass. There is no hurry, and adding the second half of the acid to a beaker that is already at 70 degrees removes all the margin the first half bought you.
اس مرحلے کے لیے مواد:
کشید کیا ہوا پانی1 لیٹردرکار اوزار:
شیشے کی ہلانے والی سلاخبوروسلیکیٹ بیکرکیمیائی چھینٹوں سے بچاؤ کا چشمہنائٹرائل ربڑ کے دستانے3
3
Goggles, gloves, and a sink with running water nearby
Goggles, gloves, and a sink with running water nearby
Splash goggles, not safety glasses. Glasses stop things coming from the front; an acid that spits comes up and around, and it is the eye that cannot be washed clean afterwards.
Nitrile gloves and long sleeves, and work at a sink or where running water is within a step or two. The response to acid on skin is a great deal of cold water immediately and for far longer than feels necessary — fifteen minutes, not fifteen seconds.
Keep a container of sodium bicarbonate on the bench for spills on surfaces, NOT for spills on skin. Neutralising an acid releases heat and gas, and on skin that adds a thermal burn to a chemical one. Water, and plenty of it, is the answer for people; bicarbonate is for the bench.
اس مرحلے کے لیے مواد:
سوڈیم بائی کاربونیٹ1 ٹکڑا
پانی1 لیٹردرکار اوزار:
کیمیائی چھینٹوں سے بچاؤ کا چشمہنائٹرائل ربڑ کے دستانے
دھونے کی بوتل4
4
Label it the moment it exists
Label it the moment it exists
Write the label before you walk away: what it is, how concentrated, the date, and your initials. An unlabelled beaker of clear liquid is indistinguishable from water, and that is how people get hurt by something they made themselves.
Label the vessel, not the lid. Lids get swapped, and a correctly labelled lid on the wrong bottle is worse than no label at all.
The same line goes in the notebook: what was mixed, in what order, how much heat there was, whether it needed cooling. That is what makes the next batch predictable rather than a fresh experiment.
اس مرحلے کے لیے مواد:
چپکنے والے لیبل1 ٹکڑادرکار اوزار:
پکی سیاہی کا مارکرمواد
4- 2 لیٹرپلیس ہولڈر
- 1 ٹکڑاپلیس ہولڈر
- 1 لیٹرپلیس ہولڈر
- 1 ٹکڑاپلیس ہولڈر
درکار اوزار
7- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- دھونے کی بوتل10% کمیشنپلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
متعلقہ بلیو پرنٹ
یہ بلیو پرنٹ علم بانٹتے ہیں — تکنیک، مواد یا اصول
CC0 پبلک ڈومین
یہ بلیو پرنٹ CC0 کے تحت جاری کیا گیا ہے۔ آپ اجازت لیے بغیر اس کام کو نقل، ترمیم، تقسیم اور کسی بھی مقصد کے لیے استعمال کرنے کے لیے آزاد ہیں۔
میکر کی حمایت کریں ان کے بلیو پرنٹ کے ذریعے پروڈکٹس خرید کر جہاں وہ میکر کمیشن وینڈرز کی طرف سے مقرر، کماتے ہیں، یا اس بلیو پرنٹ کی نئی تکرار بنائیں اور آمدنی شیئر کرنے کے لیے اسے اپنے بلیو پرنٹ میں کنکشن کے طور پر شامل کریں۔