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Graphite-Clay Crucible: Plumbago and Fireclay, the Battersea Works Way (Thorpe 1912)
T. E. Thorpe (ed.) · Public domain
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Graphite-Clay Crucible: Plumbago and Fireclay, the Battersea Works Way (Thorpe 1912)

A graphite (plumbago) crucible is a melting pot of graphite bound with clay: fine grained, it stands the highest heats and sudden changes of temperature, and Thorpe counts it of great value for melting metals. Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry (1912) gives the Battersea works process: Ceylon plumbago ground, sifted and digested with dilute sulphuric acid to take out most of its iron, kneaded with about its own weight of fine fireclay, pugged, cut into blocks, pugged again, thrown on a wheel or moulded, dried and baked in saggars. Acid strength, sizes and baking heat are not given. Source: Thorpe, Dictionary of Applied Chemistry vol. II (1912), CRUCIBLES, p. 170. Picture: that paragraph.
Hagati
Several days with drying and baking

Amabwiriza

1

Read Thorpe

"Hand-picked Ceylon plumbago is ground, sifted, digested with dilute sulphuric acid to remove the greater part of the iron, and mixed and kneaded to a stiff paste, with about an equal weight of fine fireclay."
2

Grind and clean the plumbago

Pick over the plumbago by hand, grind it and sift it. Digest it with dilute sulphuric acid to remove the greater part of its iron, which would otherwise pass into the melt; the strength and time are not given.

Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:

Garafite karemanoGarafite karemano1 half by weight

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Urusyo rwo gusyaUrusyo rwo gusya
AkayungurizoAkayungurizo
Aside ya sulifuriki yorohejeAside ya sulifuriki yoroheje
AmaziAmazi
Uturindantoki twa NitirileUturindantoki twa Nitirile
Amadarubindi y'umutekanoAmadarubindi y'umutekano
3

Knead with fireclay and pug

Mix the plumbago with about an equal weight of fine fireclay and knead it with water to a stiff paste. Pass it through a pug mill and cut the column into blocks. Pass the blocks through the mill again when you are ready to make crucibles.

Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:

Ibumba ryihanganira umuriroIbumba ryihanganira umuriro1 half by weight
AmaziAmazi1 to a stiff paste

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Iminzani ya Digitale NyayoIminzani ya Digitale Nyayo
Imashini ivuga ibumba (pug mill)Imashini ivuga ibumba (pug mill)
4

Form the crucibles

Make the crucibles by hand on a wheel, or mould them. Sizes are not given (unknown).

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Uruziga rw'umubumbyiUruziga rw'umubumbyi
Ingano zitazwiIngano zitazwi
5

Dry and bake in saggars

Dry the crucibles, then bake them inside saggars. To slow the burning out of the graphite in use, a crucible may be dipped in a paste of clay and a solution of borax.

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Agasanduku k'ibumba ryihanganira umuriroAgasanduku k'ibumba ryihanganira umuriro
ItanuraItanura
Ifu ya borakiIfu ya boraki
6

History and honest limits

Thorpe notes that graphite crucibles are of great value for melting metals but little used for assaying, that the graphite is slowly burnt by metal oxides and furnace gases, and that iron left in the graphite can pass into the metal. He also gives Digby's 1893 mixture of coarse and fine plumbago, Russian clay, china-stone and gas carbon, a different route. The acid strength and time, the sizes and the baking heat are not given; refractory clay stands for his fine fireclay.

Ibikoresho

3

Ibikoresho bikenewe

13

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Plumbago Crucibles: Fire Clay, Coke and Graphite, Ure 1839

Plumbago Crucibles: Fire Clay, Coke and Graphite, Ure 1839

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Ceramic Crucible: a Hessian Crucible of Equal Weights of Clay and Sand (Thorpe 1912)

Ceramic Crucible: a Hessian Crucible of Equal Weights of Clay and Sand (Thorpe 1912)

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