Flanged-Float Upcurrent Churn: Flanges Drive the Cream Up the Sides, It Falls Down the Middle

"The great advantage of the flanges consists in their forcing the cream continually in an upward current, and the angle of the floats at the top inclining inward the cream thus forced up is allowed to fall around the shaft downward through the center of the churn to the bottom of the tub, where it is again caught by the flanges and is again forced upward."

Print two floats (/uploads/blueprints/flanged-float-upcurrent-churn-float.stl), the step (/uploads/blueprints/flanged-float-upcurrent-churn-step.stl), the crown wheel (/uploads/blueprints/flanged-float-upcurrent-churn-crown-wheel.stl), the pinion (/uploads/blueprints/flanged-float-upcurrent-churn-pinion.stl) and the standard (/uploads/blueprints/flanged-float-upcurrent-churn-standard.stl). Print in PETG at 0.2 mm layers, 30 % infill, 4 walls; wash before first use.

Drill two 8 mm holes through a 10 mm square hardwood shaft, 75 mm apart, and push 8 mm dowels through them as the arms. Glue a float onto each pair of arm ends, about 35 mm out from the shaft, pitched at 70 degrees to the bottom. Stand the shaft in the step in a tapered food-grade bucket.

Fix half the lid with a hole for the shaft, the pinion on its top and the standard with the crown wheel meshing it; screw a dowel handle into the wheel.

Let the heavy cream stand until it reaches about 15 °C, checked with the thermometer. Pour in 2 litres. Crank steadily so the cream rises at the sides and falls by the shaft; time until the butter comes. Pour off the buttermilk, add cold water, churn a little and pour off again until it runs clear; work in a pinch of salt and weigh the butter.

**Silas Hewit** of Seneca Falls, Seneca County, New York, US 17,790, 14 July 1857. He wrote that he had "found by experiment" these angles gave the most powerful agitation. He claimed the floats in combination with the flanges. A bucket and printed parts stand in for his tub. FDM prints hold food in their layer lines, so wash well and replace when worn.