Rack-and-Pinion Rolling Beater Churn: Beaters That Turn One Way Up, the Other Way Down

Livingston wanted a deep, narrow churn in which every part of the cream is worked. Norman B. Livingston of Portland, Indiana, received US 9,097, dated 6 July 1852, for a churn in which "a vertical rack (b) and groove (c) on each of two opposite sides of the box, receive pinions (d) on the two ends of a shaft (e) from which project wings or beaters (f)." A rod from a handle raises and lowers the shaft, and the beaters revolve "in one direction when going up and in the opposite direction when going down." He held a deep box made firmer, yellower butter than shallow vessels; that is his observation. This rung works out the turn per stroke, then prints the wing hub, pinions and racks, fits them in a deep box, and makes butter.