Rinsing-Ring Churn: Lid, Gearing, Dasher and Breaker Bars Lift Out as One, a Perforated Ring Under the Lid Washes Them

"The tunnel t, fits into a short tube P, which passes through the lid B, and is inserted into the annular tube n, so that when water is poured into the tunnel t, it is projected in numerous small jets both inwardly upon the dasher and also outwardly against the upright bars I, I, I, I, and sides of the churn, and thus washes off the milk and small particles of butter."

Use a 20-litre food-grade bucket as the body. Bore a 21 mm hole 40 mm above its floor and fit a brass spigot C with its washers and nut. Screw two hardwood stop blocks 22 x 24 x 25 mm inside the rim, one above the spigot and one opposite, from outside through the wall, so the lid cannot turn.

Cut a 12 mm HDPE lid B to the bucket's top, 304 mm across, bore it 16.6 mm at the centre as the shaft's top bearing, and cut two notches at its edge to drop over the stop blocks. Rout a groove 17 mm wide and 8 mm deep under it, 180 mm across its middle, and seal the ring tube n into it so half the ring stands below. Bore 12.2 mm through the lid over the ring's inlet, 90 mm out from the centre, and seal in a 12 mm stainless tube P 40 mm long standing 30 mm proud; set a small kitchen funnel t in it.

Halve two hardwood bars H 260 x 40 x 20 mm across each other and glue them; bore a 10.6 mm socket 20 mm deep at the middle. Screw four hardwood bars I 20 mm square and 351 mm long upright on their ends, 120 mm from the centre, and their tops to the lid's underside. Cut a hardwood shaft S 32 mm square and 325 mm long, set a 10 mm stainless pin 15 mm out of its foot and a 16 mm stainless rod 108 mm long 20 mm into its top. Screw two hardwood slats O 95 x 12 x 290 mm on opposite faces of S, reaching out opposite ways, 15 mm above its foot. Stand S in the socket and up through the lid's bearing.

Pin the pinion e on the rod of S with its teeth centred 40 mm above the lid. Screw two hardwood supports d 50 x 25 x 118 mm to the lid either side of it, one 60 to 85 mm in front and one 25 to 50 mm behind, bored 16.6 mm across 92 mm up. Run a 16 mm stainless crank shaft 180 mm long through them, pin the wheel f on it meshing e, hold it with a shaft collar, and pin on a crank A of mild steel flat bar, 100 mm throw, with a hardwood handle.

Pour about 12 litres of heavy cream at about 15 °C, checked with the thermometer, into the bucket and lower the whole frame in, the lid's notches over the stop blocks. Turn the crank steadily, timing it; to warm or cool the cream, pour a little warm or cold water into the funnel. When the butter comes, draw the buttermilk off at the spigot into a bowl, then pour cold water into the funnel to rinse the dasher, bars and walls, turning slowly, and draw it off. Lift the frame out, take out the butter, wash it in cold water until it runs clear, salt and weigh it.

**William W. Reid** of Rochester, Monroe County, New York, US 30,424, 16 October 1860, "Churn". He claimed "the annular perforated tube n in combination with the bars I I and dasher O". His tube was rectangular tin; ours is printed. His wheel and pinion were bevel gears on cast supports; ours are a printed crown wheel and pinion on wooden supports. The holes about an inch apart are his; every other size here is ours.