Making Steel in a Bessemer Converter — Mass Steel by Blowing Air Through Iron
Crucible steel was superb but slow, made a few kilograms at a time. In 1856 Henry Bessemer found a way to make steel by the tonne in about twenty minutes, and the price of steel collapsed from a luxury to a commodity. Rails, ships, bridges, and the first steel-framed buildings all became possible almost overnight.
His method sounds reckless: blow cold air straight up through a vessel of molten pig iron. The oxygen in the blast burns out the silicon, manganese, and carbon that make pig iron brittle — and because those reactions give off enormous heat, the metal does not cool but actually gets hotter, staying liquid with no added fuel. A volcano of flame and sparks roars from the converter's mouth while the carbon burns away.
The trick is knowing when to stop. The operator reads the flame, and the instant the carbon is gone, halts the blow and adds back a precise dose of carbon-rich spiegeleisen to hit the exact steel he wants. Tilt, pour, and there is a ladle of molten steel where minutes before there was crude pig iron.
Maudhui hatari
Blueprint hii ina taratibu za hatari. Ingia na uwashe maudhui ya hatari katika mipangilio ya akaunti yako ili kuona maagizo ya hatua kwa hatua.
Blueprint zinazohusiana
Blueprint hizi zinashiriki maarifa — mbinu, vifaa au kanuni
CC0 Umma Wote
Mchoro huu umetolewa chini ya CC0. Uko huru kunakili, kubadilisha, kusambaza, na kutumia kazi hii kwa madhumuni yoyote, bila kuomba ruhusa.
Saidia Mtengenezaji kwa kununua bidhaa kupitia Mchoro wao ambapo wanapata Kamisheni ya Mtengenezaji iliyowekwa na Wachuuzi, au unda marudio mapya ya Mchoro huu na uiunganishe kama kiungo katika Mchoro wako kuchangia mapato.