Gas Liquor: the Ammoniacal Liquor of the Gasworks, in Three Stages (Thorpe, 1912)

The ammoniacal liquor that coal-gas works collect as they cool and wash their crude gas: weak liquor from the hydraulic main, stronger liquor from the condensers, and scrubber liquor from washing out the last ammonia. All of it is run with the tar into a storage well and the liquor settled off the tar. Settled gas liquor is pale yellow to dark brown, smells of ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen and phenols, and has a specific gravity of 1.01 to 1.03. About 20 to 25 per cent of its ammonia is 'fixed' and needs lime to set it free. Source: T. E. Thorpe, Dictionary of Applied Chemistry vol. I (1912), p. 144. Picture: the book's text.

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Carbonise the coal

Distil coal destructively, as in coal-gas making. The crude gas carries steam, ammonia, tar and acid gases. Ours: bituminous coal in an iron retort.

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Collect the hydraulic main liquor

Cool the gas to 50°-60° in the hydraulic main. The liquor formed here is weak, 0.5-1.0 per cent of NH3, because ammonia dissolves less at that heat.

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Collect the condenser liquor

Cool the gas further to air temperature in the condensers. This liquor is stronger, 2-3.5 per cent of NH3. With the main liquor it forms the 'virgin liquor', made from the steam in the crude gas.

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Wash the gas in the scrubbers

Wash the cooled gas to take out the rest of the ammonia. The weak hydraulic main liquor, cooled, is often used in the first washers or scrubbers, where it grows stronger; the last scrubber must use fresh water.

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