Sealed Screw-Axis Drum Churn: The Dasher's Axis Screws Into It Through a Pipe in the Side, a Sprung Washer Keeps It Tight

"By this construction the act of screwing the axis c, into the part 4 draws the dasher tight against the inner end of the pipe 3, and the washer 6, sets with the spring pressure against the other end, keeping the axis water or milk tight. By unscrewing the axis c, the dasher can be removed when required."

Use a 20-litre food-grade bucket as the body a. Bore a 20.4 mm hole through one side, 170 mm above the inside floor, and a 12.6 mm hole opposite. Cut a 20 mm stainless tube with a 14 mm bore, 52 mm long, push it through the first hole between the two printed collars so 35 mm stands inside, and seal it all with silicone. Screw the eye 2 inside over the opposite hole with silicone, and seal the hole outside. Cut an HDPE lid to the top.

Turn two hardwood ends 180 mm across and 20 thick, each with a boss 70 mm across and 20 long on its inner face and a hub 50 mm across standing out 10 mm (pipe side) or 8 mm (far side). Bore eight 15 mm holes through each end on a 120 mm circle. Roll a sheet of stainless 164 mm wide into a drum 180 mm across, drill three rings of twelve 15 mm holes in it, and rivet it round the ends. Bore the pipe-side hub 22 mm, 30 deep, and glue in the socket 4 with an M12 nut pressed into its pocket. Drive a 12 mm stainless pin 40 mm long into the far hub as the centre 1.

Cut a 12 mm stainless rod 93 mm long for the axis c. Thread its inner 15 mm M12 with the die, and turn it down to 10 mm for 8 mm where the washer sits, 24 to 32 mm from its outer end. Cut a stainless washer 6 to 20.6 mm across with a 10.2 mm hole, and a rubber washer 7 13 mm long (squeezed to 11), 20.6 across with a 13 mm hole, from natural rubber sheet. Cut a crank d of mild steel flat bar, 100 mm throw, with a hardwood handle, and bolt the cylinder 5 to it. To assemble: set the dasher in the bucket with its centre in the eye, push the axis through the pipe and screw it into the socket until the dasher is drawn up to the pipe's end; slide on the washer and rubber over the axis's narrow part, then the cylinder and crank, and pin the crank to the axis's end.

Pour about 8 litres of heavy cream at about 15 °C, checked with the thermometer, into the bucket, so it stands below the pipe, and put on the lid. Turn the crank steadily, timing it. When the butter comes, take off the lid, pull the pin and the crank, unscrew the axis and lift the dasher out. Take out the butter, pour the buttermilk into a bowl, wash the butter in cold water until it runs clear, salt and weigh it.

**Peter Dunwald** of Corning, Steuben County, New York, US 31,447, 19 February 1861, "Churn". He claimed "the axis c, provided with the washer 6, kept to the end of the pipe 3, by a spring 7, said axis c, screwing into the socket 4, on the dasher b", and did not claim the revolving dasher on a horizontal shaft. His one figure is printed turned on its side. He does not give the dasher's form beyond "perforated as usual"; ours is a riveted drum, his drawing shows a rounded one. The patent gives no sizes; every size here is ours.